Societal, Environmental And Family Backgrounds - 955 Words

The way we identify ourselves is constructed from societal, environmental and family backgrounds. Most of the identities presented above are socially constructed by the government and group people in certain clusters that marginalize or praise people. The messages received from my mother, Isamar (older sister) and friends vary in all sections of the identity spectrum. Most people perceive themselves as how the government has labeled them and do not look outside of the box and realize who they really are. The color of our skin, gender or sexual orientation should not be able to determine one’s social class in contrast; our intelligence, skills and abilities are what should do that for us. One of the messages received from my mother that surprised me was that she considers her race as white and ethnicity as Hispanic/Latino. I asked her why and she explained to me in a humorous manner that once she became a citizen of the United States, she was part of the â€Å"American† people. She perceives the â€Å"American† as a white, wealthy, educated people. She admires these â€Å"Americans† because of the image that has been advertised about white people. I do not want to put my mother in a bad light, but I believe that she lacks historical knowledge about her roots, what she really is and what has America’s history really is. America created a story of race, an idea constructed by society about Blacks, Whites and Native Americans. Whites are superior to any other race. Most of our historyShow MoreRelatedMaster of Planning/Master of Public Administration Dual Degree 1069 Words   |  5 PagesI am pursuing a Master of Planning/Master of Public Administration dual degree in order to complement and leverage the business management experience gained in the corporate world to help environmental conservation non-governmental organizations achieve their missions of sustainable development. During my 20+ years in Corporate America, primarily in information technology and mortgage finance, I procured a diverse set of skills – business and financial management, project work, operations and humanRead MoreAvatar Film Analysis1439 Words   |  6 Pageswishes to convey to the viewers. There are two categories of film message, one is positive and the other is negative. A positive message is one that is expected to have favourable outcome to the audience, and continuously aiming to promote better societal changes. In contrast, a negative message is one that could deliver threats or unpleasant information to the audience, which could have significant impact on the normal order of the society. This essay will argue that if the message contains positiveRead MoreSelf Identification : Impact On Trait Anxiety, Social Anxiety And Depression1245 Words   |  5 Pagesidentification. †¢ Whether or not societal pressures regarding racial identification were related to the quality of psychological functioning The participants of this study participated in five different measures. The five different measures were society pressure, State-Trait Anxiety, Fear of negative evaluation, Social anxiety thoughts questionnaire, and beck depression inventory. The society pressure measured the amount of pressure that was felt from a peer, family member or society. This test consistedRead MoreThe Recipe for a Happy Marriage635 Words   |  3 PagesAs American citizens, we enjoy exercising our liberties and fighting for what we believe in. This includes freedom in regards to romance, love, and marriage. Yet, sometimes our cultural backgrounds and family interfere with our given liberties. Movies, and other forms of artistic expression, often point out societal flaws and bring to light underlying issues. Comedic expression is a popular way to get across serious points, because the audience is more receptive to humor and happiness than anger andRead MorePrinciples Of Health Promotion And The Nurse s Role As Behavior Change Facilitator1502 Words   |  7 Pagestheir biological, psychological and sociological aspects. To discuss its practical role in the society, a health promotion model is related to a family that lives in socially deprived district as determined by Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (2014). In accordance to confidentiality and anonymity code of Nursing and Midwifery Council - NMC (2015) the family members named in this report are fictitious; the district is named as Locality-A; and the facilities named are not available within the publicRead MoreObservational Ratings Of Therapist Interventions1268 Words   |  6 Pages Outcome measures According to Samoulis Liddle (2006), observational ratings of therapist interventions have been used to predict outcomes at 6 and 12 months’ post-treatment for families receiving MDFT. The following outcome measures were as follows; Timeline Follow-Back Interview, which measures the quantity and frequency of daily consumption of drugs; using a calendar and the individual s own memory in order to help them gather retrospective estimates; Child Behavior Checklist (CBC) and YouthRead MoreProblems Facing Human Services Clients And How Specific Helping Skills That Can Be Used With Clients912 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as, substance abuse, mental or physical illness, caring for children, families, domestic violence, Veterans, and poverty. Also, clients can have a large range of family problems that can lead into more difficult problems. (Woodside McClam, (2011). Professionals focus on problem solving to find a solution, and positive ways to address them. Clients can have problems that portray to their home life, environment, background and many other factors. Problems such as addiction, disability, and griefRead MoreEssay about Good Health: Is It Simply About Eating the Right Things?1629 Words   |  7 PagesA good complete physical health is often interpreted as taking in a good source of nutrient DRI, 5-a-day and regular exercising but this is far from it as other factors can contribute to it. Some of these are psychological and biological factors, societal influence, lifestyle, race, gender etc. Nutrition is about eating the right things, in this context would be defined as the total processed intake of constituents by which growth, repair and preservation of the body to stay alive. The Government’sRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Crime998 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between the presence of organized crime and s ocial disparities n a disorganized society in my analysis of â€Å"Power†. Literature Review The perspective of social disorganization in criminology stems from perspectives in ecology. The background of the sociological theory is rooted in the ideal that particular attitudes of an individual person are not determined solely on the personality of the individual but by the interaction of the person and their environment. If an individual s environmentRead MorePoverty And Lack Of Work Ethic976 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishing the upper, middle, and lower class. Unfortunately one cannot decide the social class of their parents, so they are forced to work within their means, and unsurprisingly, the upper-class offers more avenues to financial success due to greater family income and capital. From birth, one’s social mobility (change in social position that occurs during a person s lifetime) is subjected to familial intergenerational ability (change in social position that occurs over generations) (Manza 2015). The

Great Wall of China Essay example - 1375 Words

The Great Wall of China stretches about 5,500 miles long crossing deserts, mountains, grasslands, and plateaus. It took more than 2,000 years to build this incredible manmade structure. Many people died to build this wall. It displays the changes between the agricultural and nomadic civilizations. It proves that the superb structure was very important to military defense. It became a national symbol of the Chinese as a security for their country and its people. The Great Wall of China must be preserved at all cost because it is a historical symbol that made it possible for China and other nations across the world to prosper (UNESCO World Heritage Centre: The Great Wall). The Great Wall of China served as a foundation for prosperity in†¦show more content†¦China’s unity of its civilians helped the prosperity of its nation to become well known to other power nation. At this period China became well known and believed to be as equally strong to other power nations. Sterl ing extensively explains that building The Great Wall of China came at an immeasurable cost for a temporary advantage (147). Many citizens of China have died for the cause of building a national symbol for China, which was not known as The Great Wall of China until foreigners gave it a name to remember. Only during the Ming dynasty did the interconnections of the walls that once divided China, became a unity. The expansion of many walls together came at a great cost. The Great Wall of China made it very difficult for the Mongols and Manchus to penetrate their defensive system, but this did not stop them from failing to attack the dynasty. The perceived barbarians had bankrupt the dynasty. Strategies of keeping enemies from infiltrating is a vital key to keep an economy from chaos and destroying a nation’s wealth that took years or centuries to achieve. Prosperity comes at a price and The Great Wall of China is an effective example of this. Maintaining the defensive system dra ined the wealth of the dynasty and robbed citizens of their lives. It was extremelyShow MoreRelatedThe Great Wall Of China1196 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes modules of ________ so you can see the construction of _____ Today I am going to be presenting the Great Wall of China and what political and military reasons it was built for. The construction was a feat of great magnitude and reflected the innovations and technological advancements of the Ancient Chinese. The reason I have decided to focus upon the Ancient Chinese is because I find China a very interesting civilisation. The ancient Chinese civilisation began 7,000 to 8,000 years ago and aboutRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1266 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Wall of China James Allen World History 1st period February 1, 2015 The first unified Chinese empire was formed in 221 B.C., that was when seven states were brought together by Shi Huangdi, a conqueror from the state of Qin. Shi Huangdi means â€Å"first emperor.† Until the twentieth century all rulers of imperial China called themselves the emperor. The emperor was believed, by the people of China, to be the son of heaven, God-like. They believed that each ofRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China905 Words   |  4 Pages It has been said that the Great Wall of China is so immense that it can be seen from space with just the human eye. Unfortunately, that is simply a rumor and has been confirmed false. Nonetheless, the Great Wall of China is also the world’s longest wall and biggest piece of ancient architecture, which is still a pretty big deal. Its official length is about 13,170 miles long, more than four times the width of the United States. The wall crosses over ten provinces and cities, including QinghaiRead MoreThe Great Wall of China600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Wall of China is an assemblage of smaller walls built by various dynasties over many years. Builders erected these walls for protection from invasions by those from the north. The Great Wall itself, with a history lasting over 2000 years, measures approximately 5,500 miles in length, although some of the sections lie in ruin or have disappeared altogether. It is about 25 feet high and is 15-30 feet wide. It is the longest man-made structure in the world. In the 7th century B.C. the firstRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1123 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Great Wall] demonstrates the manifestation of the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people.†(cortland.edu). China is considered one of the world’s oldest civilizations with the first dynasty beginning in 221 B.C.. A famous icon of this great civilization is the Great Wall of China, or known to the Chinese as Wan Li Chang Cheng. During the Warring States period, many feudal societies built their own sections for security. Eventually the walls were connected and there was a unified China. WithRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1641 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of world history. The wall, also known in China as long wall of 10,000 li, is a collection of numerous short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although it is a common misconception th at the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it s structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed, rebuiltRead MoreEssay on The Great Wall of China1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China is one of the greatest architectural achievements ever recorded in history. The Great Wall translates to â€Å"long fortress.† The wall was made entirely by hand. It was built to protect the Chinese from intruders from different Nomadic Tribes. The wall is about 5,500 miles long. The wall did not stretch across all of China but it stretched from Shanhaiguan in the East to Lop Nur in the West. Some people say that you can even see the wall from the moon! Wouldn’t that be somethingRead More The Great Wall of China Essay2903 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being soRead MoreGreat Wall of China Report Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is truly one of the greatest architectural achievements in recorded history. The longest structure ever built, it is about 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles) long and made entirely by hand. This wall is said to be visible from the moon. It crosses Northern China, from the East coast to Central China (Karls, 1). This massive wall is not only one of the ancient wonders of the world, but it also has been the inspiration of many writers and artists. WithRead More The Triumph Of The Great Wall Of China Essay examples2616 Words   |  11 PagesThe Great Wall of China has been called a wonder by many who have seen it. It brings pride to the Chinese nation, and is known for being the only man made structure visible from space. The magnitude of The Great Wall is an architectural achievement as well as an example of the will power of man. Many find it hard to believe that such an amazing sight could have a history so filled with death, slavery and sadness as The Great Wal l does. The Great Wall of China is one of the worlds most famous architectural

Burial Practices Of The Ancient Egyptian And Greco Essay Example For Students

Burial Practices Of The Ancient Egyptian And Greco Essay -Roman CulturesMythologyBurial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman CulturesAncient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for thenext cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in amultitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funeraryservices. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead canprovide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practicesand myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received fromTimothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital informationregarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practicesof Greece and Rome, parts of Homers Odyssey are useful in the analysis ofproper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricateprocess known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved processspanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs wereremoved with one exception, the heart. If the body was not already West ofthe Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying processwas initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of theNile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of thesubstance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process ofdehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint thebody with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthyenough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremoniesto ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of aspecial funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure asuccessful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heartdid not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess ofjustice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a peculiarritual instrument, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened themouth of the deceased. This was done to ensure that the deceased was ableto speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soulinvolved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passedaway the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continuetheir servitude in the next world. The family members and religiousfigureheads of the community did just about everything in their power toaid the deceased in the transition to a new life. The community made sure the chamber was furnished with everythingnecessary for the comfort and well-being of the occupants. It wasbelieved that the individual would be able of accessing these items in thenext world. Some of the most important things that the deceased would needto have at his side were certain spells and incantations. A conglomerationof reading material ensured a successful passage; The Pyramid Texts, TheBook of the Dead, and the Coffin Texts all aided the lost soul in theirjourney through Duat into the Fields of the Blessed. Besides all thesespells, charms, and magical tomb texts, the ancient practice of depositingin the tomb small wooden figures of servants was employed. These Ushabistatuettes as they are called, were essentially slaves of the deceased. If the deceased was called to work in the Elysian fields he would call uponone of the statues to take his place and perform the task for him. It wasnot unheard of for an individual to have a figure for every day of the yearto ensure an afterlife devoid of physical exertion. Just about every thingthe embalmers and burial practitioners did during the process was done forparticular reasons. .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .postImageUrl , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:hover , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:visited , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:active { border:0!important; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:active , .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c35d4e9eb30c0ad9093be737c304b1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Climate Change EssayMany of the funerary practices of the ancient Greco-Romans werealso done with a specific purpose in mind. Unlike the Egyptians theGreco-Roman cultures did not employ elaborate tombs but focused on the useof a simple pit in the ground. Right after death, not too dissimilar fromthe practices of the Egyptians, it was necessary for the persons tocarefully wash and prepare the corpse for his journey. It was vital forall persons to receive a proper burial and if they did not they were dammedto hover in a quasi-world, somewhat of a limbo between life and death. One Greco-Roman myth that illustrates this point is The Odyssey byHomer. There is a

My Boyfriend free essay sample

Although walk-in consultations are sometimes available, students with appointments will receive priority assistance. Appointments may be made in person or by calling 895-3908. The students Rebel ID Card, a copy of the assignment (if possible), and two copies of any writing to be reviewed are requested for the consultation. More information can be found at: http:// Herrington. Null. Du/ * Refillable By policy, faculty and staff should e-mail students Refillable accounts only. Refillable is Unless Official e-mail system for students. It is one of the primary ways students receive official university communication such as information about deadlines, major campus events, and announcements.All NULL students receive a Refillable account after they have been admitted to the university. Students e-mail prefixes are listed on class rosters. The suffix is always @Null. Nevada. Du. Objectives to Be Introduced During Writing Projects Once a skill is introduced in one writing project, you will be expected to apply that skill in each successive writing project. We will write a custom essay sample on My Boyfriend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Writing Project One: Personal Expression I Course Objectives * To plan and organize an essay by working through your writing process * To benefit from peer response to your writing * To identify and understand the audience and purpose in writing * To edit final drafts for format, structure, grammar, and mechanics I Critical ReadingObjective * To identify the main idea in a passage of nonfiction prose (at various levels ranging from the paragraph level to the essay level) I Writing Objectives Rhetorical Strategies * To use personal experience as evidence by selecting specific details that support a thesis and create a unified focus Writing Objectives Editing Tasks * To eliminate fragments, comma splices, fused sentences * To eliminate spelling errors * To apply ML guidelines for document design I Writing Project Two: Analysis I Course Objectives * To develop effective critical reading skills through close analysis of texts I Critical Reading Objective * To identify and classify var ious rhetorical elements in a passage of nonfiction prose, such as thesis, definition of key terms, supporting evidence, acknowledgement of opposing viewpoints, rebuttal of opposing viewpoints, transitions, personal example, textual evidence, statistics, etc.

Admission Essay Help Online

Admission Essay Help Online Admission Essay Help Online So that big moment has finally arrived and you are now seeking admission in the college of your dreams- in the subject of your choice-but you have to first get over a big obstacle in your way- your admission essay. If this is the case dont panic because here is some timely admission essay help that can enable you to emerge a winner. Getting admission in to a good college is getting tougher every year with more and more students vying for fewer seats. This is where admission essay help can move in and save the day by singling you out from the crowd and getting the admissions committee to write that magic word, Accept on your paper. So what does the secret formula of admission essay help consist of? The right length An admission essay should not ramble on endlessly and bore your reader to death. It is so easy to write sentence after sentence without really saying anything meaningful and this is bound to get you in to the bad books of your reader. So the first rule- if you are seeking admission essay help is to stick to the point by observing a word limit of approximately 500 words: The right topic No article on admission essay helpwould be complete if it did not draw your attention to the fact that the first step in writing a really good admissions essay is to choose your topic wisely. While most colleges will ask you to tell them about yourself-it is then up to you to zero in on which aspect of your personality you are going to write about. Admission essay help can be available to you in the form of an enjoyable activity that can then be linked to the subject of your choice. Just ensure that you write about it in an inspiring and relevant manner. It may be that you are fond of horse riding or that you are a long distance runner-well then the next question is-what are the vital lessons of life that you learnt from this activity and how are you looking to relate these learnings to your college life? Use plenty of imagination as well as facts to weave your life story in with interesting details from real life. This will give you some admission essay help that will place you head and shoulders above the rest. Read also: What is a Thesis? Political Science Thesis Dissertation Topics APA Thesis Writing a Term Paper

Seesaw Candle Fire Magic Trick

Seesaw Candle Fire Magic Trick The seesaw candle magic trick is a fire science trick that teaches how combustion and Newtons Third Law of Motion work. A candle, balanced between a pair of glasses, rocks or seesaws up and down on its own. The motion continues as long as the candle continues to burn. If one side of the candle starts out heavier than the other, the motion of the candle will act to equalize the mass on either side of the pivot point. Its a simple trick, but eye-catching and interesting! Seesaw Candle Trick Materials Long candleNeedle2 glasses or jars that are the same height Long, thin candles work best for this trick. You can even use a pair of candles that are connected to each other. Procedure The first step is to expose wick at both ends of the candle so take a look at the bottom of the candle. If it has some wick pressed onto the bottom of the wax, loosen it so that you will be able to light it. On the other hand, if there isnt any wick at the bottom of the candle, use a knife to cut away enough of the candle to expose wick. You dont need a particularly sharp knife. In fact, its better to use a dull knife so that you dont accidentally cut the wick.Push the needle through the candle about halfway down its length. You dont have to be exact, but if you arent very good at gauging halfway points, then use a ruler to measure your candle, divide that number by two and push the needle through the candle at that point. If the candle wax is soft, you may be able to push the needle through the candle with minimal effort, but if the wax is hard or your candle is thick, then grasp the needle with pliers or tweezers, heat it in a flame and push it through the candle. The hot needle sh ould pass through the wax fairly easily. The trick still works if you accidentally bend the needle. Balance the needle and candle between a pair of glasses. It is okay if one end of the candle is heavier than the other.Light both ends of the candle. The candle will rock up and down, like a seesaw. You can watch a video of the project if youd like to see what to expect. How It Works The candle moves in response to forces acting on it, trying to reach equilibrium. The combustion reaction turns the candle wax into carbon dioxide gas and water vapor, making the burning end of a candle lighter. If one side of the candle burns more quickly than the other, the lighter side of the candle moves up. The lower side of the candle is angled such that the flame melts the wax, causing it to drip down. This not only lessens the mass at that end of the candle, but the force from the dripping wax actually pushes the end of the candle up! This is Newtons Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. More Fire and Candle Science Magic Traveling Flame Candle Magic TrickBlow Out a Candle with Chemical MagicTrick Birthday CandlesEdible Candle Trick Tips and Safety This is a fire project, so use adult supervision and avoid trying this trick near curtains, pets, gasoline... you get the picture.​Lighter candles respond more dramatically to changes in mass than heavier ones. Ergo, lighter candles will give you a better range of motion than heavier candles. If you use a very big candle, you wont see much motion at all. When in doubt, lighten up! Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Native American Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Native American Policy - Research Paper Example However, the intentions of the policy toward the Indians had shifted, and the outcomes of the policies helped suppress the Native Americans, in addition to their culture (Anderson & Benson, 2006).Though the policy had been created with good intentions, it had also had some reverse effects which helped in eliminating the Native Americans. Additionally, the policies did nothing to qualm or fight the Indian wars. It also had various negative effects on the Native Americans where it broke many reservations as well as lost much land to the whites. The Native American policy also killed the Native American culture and Indians left their tribes to attain the American citizenship. Although various benefits were created to save and benefit the Native Americans, the policy did nothing in helping the Indians as well as Native Americans and as a result, the Indians as well as their culture died out. This policy received a lot of criticisms from politicians and the Easterners, which brought a cha nge in the policy. Although the policy was less bloody, they did not help in alleviating the Native Americans problems, and many times they worsened the problems. To add to this, attitude and the policy were volatile and had the same effects. The integration of the Native American to the American society was created (Lyden, 1999). Hastedt (2004) claims that, the Native Americans are indigenous individuals living in North Africa and United States and other parts of Alaska. They are composed of a number of states, ethnic groups and states, many of them who survived the political communities. They are also called the American Indians, most of whom lived as hunters and gatherers in the society, as well as... It makes a conclusion about the government interference, the Supreme Court rejected the efforts by local governments and states to regulate the Indian activities, and came up with the First Amendment in regard to tribal government, where it claimed that, any tribe is free to make its choices on matters such as family life, economic organization and environmental quality without any interference from the government. Therefore, the Native American policy was going against the Amendment by forcing the Indians to move out of their land in order to expand their boundaries This paper talks about the Native American policy which was to force the Indians out of their land, force them to accept the treaties, which resulted to fighting. On several occasions, the American troops would lash out against the peaceful Indians, and as result the aggression was out of control. However, the government policy towards the Native Americans was aggressive and did not tolerate their presence in the West. Americans and tribal leaders were able to compromise with the land arrangements and living situations. This law conflicts with The Supreme Court and the First Amendment because, it claims that any tribe is free to make its choices on matters such as family life, economic organization, and environmental quality without any interference from the government. Therefore, the Native Americans had a right to own land in the U.S boundaries.

Choosing a Small Business Computer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choosing a Small Business Computer - Assignment Example One of the first considerations is compatibility. The small office PC needs to able to access and run the bulk of the programs available. This will mandate that the computer will be able to run programs that are written for Microsoft Windows. While moving to specialized platforms such as Linux or UNIX may provide greater security, the widespread application of Windows will have a greater benefit. Having decided on a Windows operating system, the next consideration is hardware. With a real estate business, there will be applications that will require multiple images of houses that will consume a large amount of disk space. Most desktop computers are available with a 320 Gbyte hard drive for less that $1000. They also have 2GB main memory and ample video memory to reproduce photo quality images without loss of speed. For a Dell computer model 1501 Inspiron with a 2.2 GHz Intel processor the price will be about $900 (Inspiron 1501 details, 2007). Hewlett Packard makes a similar computer, HP Compaq 5750, with slightly less storage (250 GByte) and an AMD processor for $920 (HP United States, 2007). However, the Dell comes with a 20-inch flat screen monitor that is an extra cost with the HP. All other things, such as brand and warranty, are equal and the selection would be the Dell. With a real estate business, there will be situations where you may need to go to a client's home or office. These scenarios will require you to take your computer with you which will necessitate using a laptop. A Dell laptop Insperon 1720 has all the features of the desktop (with a slightly reduced processor speed of 1.56 GHz) and sells for $1049 (Inspiron 1702/1721 Notebook, 2007). This has a WI FI card for wireless connection to the Internet. HP sells a similar laptop that has slightly less storage and a smaller screen for $949(HP Pavilion tx1000z series, 2007). Both have a long-term service contract available. The additional storage and the larger screen makes the Dell the better buy. With a real estate business there will be a lot of printing and document processing. One of the key concerns will be laser or inkjet For the real estate office it would be recommended to have a multi-function printer that prints, copies, and faxes. This will be a laser device that is black and white. The office will also need to do photo quality printing of homes and rooms that is best done by an inkjet printer. The real estate office will have to have 2 separate printers. However, with the wide choices available today, the cost is minimal in comparison to the features received. Do not purchase an all in one inkjet because the cost of printing the day to day documents would be unreasonable. Laser printers print and scan documents for about 2 cents a copy compared to 10 cents a copy for inkjet. The main consideration for a laser printer is features and cost. A few major companies manufacture most laser printers so quality is generally the same no matter who has put their name on it. Obviously we would expect better customer service from Hewlett Packard than we would from Podunk Printers, but the printer may in fact be the same hardware. Don't spend a lot of money on a laser printer. The HP 6310 will service all your office needs at only $132.00. For the office you will also need a high resolution color printer for photo quality work. These printers are inexpensive, but must be dedicated to printing photos. The ink cartridges are

Classical and Human Relations Theories Essay Example for Free

Classical and Human Relations Theories Essay Critically evaluate the classical and human relations approaches of management theory. Your essay must clearly define the term ’’ management theory’’ and include industry examples to illustrate your answers. The purpose of this essay is to provide a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the classical and human relations theories of management giving some industry examples which supports their applicability and importance or otherwise. â€Å"‘Critical evaluation is the skill of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a piece of work, and of understanding the importance of its contribution to the subject’. Hulme, J.A. (2004). For the benefits of in-depth analysis we will look at the classical scientific of F. W. Taylor (and not the classical administrative approach of say Weber), identifying expert supported strengths and weaknesses of his approach. Equally, we will look at Herzberg’s human relations theory of motivation. Classical management was rooted on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job-satisfaction either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. The humanistic (or human relations) school recognized people as a special sort of resource. They not only work for the organization – they are the organization. Mary Parker Follett succinctly defined management as the art of getting things done through people. Management theory can be defined as a body of general principles on how best to manage a business or organization to achieve its goals and how to motivate employees to achieve highest possible performance. F. W. Taylor (the father of scientific management) was the intellectual leader of the efficiency or classical movement. According to him the main object of management ‘should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity of each employee’. For employers ‘maximum prosperity’ not only means large profits but overall development in the enterprise to a state of permanent prosperity. Taylor was, therefore, driven to ask why is there so much antagonism and inefficiency? He suggested three causes: (1) the fallacious belief by workers that massive increase in output will ultimately lead to their unemployment; (2) the defective systems of management which make it possible for workers to restrict output so as to protect their interests; (3) effort- wasting methods of work. The aim of scientific management to him was to overcome these obstacles by a systematic study of work to discover the most efficient methods of performing the job, and then a systematic study of management leading to the most efficient methods of controlling the workers. As Taylor puts it: ‘What the workmen want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages and what employers want from their workmen most of all is low labour cost of manufacture†¦.the existence or absence of these two elements forms the best index to either good or bad management.’ (Pugh Hickson, 1996) Taylor, therefore, propounded four principles of management: Development of a true science of work to replace the old rule-of thumb; those fulfilling optimum goals would earn higher wages; failure would result in loss of earnings. The Scientific selection and progressive development of the worker: Every worker can be trained to be ‘first- class’ at some task. The mental revolution in management: He argued that the major resistance to scientific management came from management as workers are all too keen to learn to do a good job for a high rate of pay. The constant and close cooperation of management and workers: Every job is divided into various tasks each of which is done by a specialist- this system he calls ‘functional management’. He also formulates the ‘exception principle’ where management reports only details deviation from the expected norm. In support of his approach, it has been argued that Taylor laid the foundation for the development of other management systems for decades to come. His thinking has been developed into what is now called Work Study or Industrial Engineering. Taylor’s focus is understandably narrow as he was writing from scratch. Few managements have been willing to put into practice one of his basic tenets that there should be no limit to earnings or bonus- most incentive schemes are restricted. This may inhibit the ‘mental revolution’ Taylor sought. The focus on division of labour leads to increased efficiency and productivity. This can be seen in many operations ranging from fast food to large industrial facilities e.g. MacDonald’s or the car industry. Ford is said to have adopted his approach in 1913. Taiichi Ono of Toyota, father of JIT acknowledges his debt to scientific management. The autocratic style of leadership also ensures a unity of command, clear lines of direction and control for a better focus on the job at hand. During his time, the work force was not highly educated or trained. For many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they expected. Taylor, like the other classicists, have been criticised in that he heavily relied on experiences with large manufacturing companies enjoying stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors products. Taylor assumed that workers are only motivated by money and that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. His approach tends to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried. Taylor’s approach aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers; fails to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice. A heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent, defeating their objectives. The theory was dehumanising work processes – stripped jobs of skill and judgement, treating workers as machine parts. Organizations are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet his approach presents an image of an organization that is not affected by external influences. The Human Relations theories of Management The primary functions of any organization, whether religious, political or industrial, should be to implement the needs of man to enjoy a meaningful existence. Frederick Herzberg (Pugh Hickson, 1996) Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), an American psychologist, conducted research on 200 engineers and accountants that led him to develop the two-factor theory of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Herzberg’s two-factor theory separated the elements of a job into those serving economic needs (‘hygiene’ and maintenance factors/Adam) and those meeting deeper aspirations (motivational factors/Abraham). He also relates job satisfaction and dissatisfaction to mental health. The motivators include responsibility, a sense of achievement, recognition, promotion and job attraction. These things are likely to motivate workers and are related directly to the job. The ‘hygiene’ factors include company policy and procedures, supervision, pay, work relationships and working conditions. These factors can only reduce job dissatisfaction and they are not directly linked to the job. Making sure these factors are acceptable to the labour force prevents dissatisfaction ra ther than causing positive motivation. The ‘Adam’ factor seeks the avoidance of dissatisfaction and the ‘Abraham’ factor is linked to job satisfaction. Their absence will not cause dissatisfaction but will reduce job satisfaction. Man has the above two sets of needs explained Herzberg in a later book (work and the nature of man); his needs as an animal to avoid pain and his needs as a human to grow psychologically. A lack in one cannot be compensated by fulfillment in the other. Herzberg therefore advocates for an industrial engineering approach which would design the ‘Abraham’ factor into jobs. This he called job enrichment to produce an effective utilization of people and to increase job satisfaction. When a worker does more hours at work to save money for a holiday it is a movement, not motivation. From this, Herzberg suggested that reward based systems including bonuses, could only provide movement rather than long term motivation. The main criticism of Herzberg’s research was the fact that the sample he used consisted of only two hundred accountants and engineers. It was also overly simplistic and blurs the distinction between satisfaction and motivation. Being pleased with doing a more challenging set of tasks does not necessarily mean it will increase motivation. It was also suggested that his research understated the role of groups and teams within the workplace. This is because groups and teams can generate a great deal of motivational influence. Even though Herzberg’s work has its criticisms, his ideas have been shown to be valid in practice. This is evident in businesses because a pay rise or change in working conditions is rarely enough to produce a labour force that is highly motivated. It has also been shown that if workers perceive a wage increase to be inadequate or working conditions are less than ideal it can have major consequences on the business and its operations. (The annual series of strikes by LU workers springs to mind). Conclusion As Oliver Wendel Holmes quoted, When we want to know what is going on today or want to make sure what will happen tomorrow, I will look back at the past. One theory will not fit all businesses at all times, naturally. But management theories are useful in that they formulate principles of best practise. Their relevance will depend on the socio-economic, cultural and political environments in which they are applied. ‘The gurus have all the answers, but all the answers are different. No one knows the problem’ . (Owen, Jo, Management stripped bare, 2012, 3rd ed.) References Hulme, J.A. (2004). Critical Evaluation: A Student Guide. Psychology Review, 10, 6-8. Pugh Hickson, (1996) Writers on Organizations, (5thed) George, Claude S.1968. The History of management thought (1sted). Englewood Cliffs: N.J. Prentice-hall Herzberg, F. (1959) Mausner, B; Snyderman, B. the motivation to work, NY Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the nature of man, world publ. Herzberg, F. (1976) Managerial choice: To be efficient and to be human, Dow Jones, Irwin Owen, Jo, (2012) Management stripped bare, 3rd ed.

A Letter To The President :: essays research papers

Difficult Decisions Dear President Bush and Congress: I have written you to discuss our national budget and the inherent problems in our fiscal policy. Although I am not the best informed on this subject I think my opinions and ideas are relevant. I have several ideas for both raising more capital and lowering government expenditure. I believe action must be taken on both fronts to curb our national debt before it adversely affects our economy. I will first share my ideas on lowering government spending. First and foremost I believe we must lower defense spending and downsize our military. We have the most powerful military in the world and can afford some budget cuts without risking national security or global standing. We must also cut spending on the home front. I believe we should lower welfare payments and encourage people to find jobs instead of relying on the government. We should also give tax incentive to wealthy citizens to give up their U.S Bonds therefore lowering the Federal Debt. Also the wealthy should be eliminated from the Social Security System. The second part needed for responsible Fiscal Policy is the generation of income. Our Governments main source of income is taxes and therefore some taxes must be raises to curb the deficit. Taxes on gasoline and cigarettes should be raised which would generate more Income and lower our nations dependence on them both. Also I believe that Marijuana should be legalized for personal use and taxed and regulated by the Government. The possible income from this method is large and also eliminates the criminal element, cutting cost in Law Enforcement and Imprisonment. A Letter To The President :: essays research papers Difficult Decisions Dear President Bush and Congress: I have written you to discuss our national budget and the inherent problems in our fiscal policy. Although I am not the best informed on this subject I think my opinions and ideas are relevant. I have several ideas for both raising more capital and lowering government expenditure. I believe action must be taken on both fronts to curb our national debt before it adversely affects our economy. I will first share my ideas on lowering government spending. First and foremost I believe we must lower defense spending and downsize our military. We have the most powerful military in the world and can afford some budget cuts without risking national security or global standing. We must also cut spending on the home front. I believe we should lower welfare payments and encourage people to find jobs instead of relying on the government. We should also give tax incentive to wealthy citizens to give up their U.S Bonds therefore lowering the Federal Debt. Also the wealthy should be eliminated from the Social Security System. The second part needed for responsible Fiscal Policy is the generation of income. Our Governments main source of income is taxes and therefore some taxes must be raises to curb the deficit. Taxes on gasoline and cigarettes should be raised which would generate more Income and lower our nations dependence on them both. Also I believe that Marijuana should be legalized for personal use and taxed and regulated by the Government. The possible income from this method is large and also eliminates the criminal element, cutting cost in Law Enforcement and Imprisonment.

Violence in The House on Mango Street

In the novel The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros reveals how violence affects women on Mango Street. The women in Mango Street have abusive husbands and fathers. They don’t do anything about it because they seem to be used to being abused. Esperanza tries to deal with the violence in her neighborhood by trying to protect her friend Sally from some boys but it turns out being a failure for her. Esperanza finds it important to try and protect her friend Sally from kissing some boys. She goes to tell the boy’s mother what happen and the mother said was â€Å"That’s all? What do you want me to do she said, call the cops? † (97) The mother of the boy clearly didn’t care about what was happening, she probably thought they were just playing a game. Esperanza seemed disappointed and angry because all she wanted was for her friend to be back with her. Not the boys who made her kiss them or who knows what else they might have made her do to get her keys back. Sally didn’t really seem to be bothered from what Esperanza told. She just wanted to protect her friend, but she clearly couldn’t do anything about it. The chapter â€Å"Red Clowns† depicts how Esperanza had to deal with sexual violence by some boys who touched her at the carnival. Esperanza didn’t realize what had happened to her because she didn’t know anything about sex. She expected sex to be like in the movies she watched, so she believed everyone had lied to her about it. Girls like Esperanza see things about sex in media and believe it has to be like in the movies, shows, and in novellas. In fact, teens report that their main source of information about sex, dating and sexual health comes from what they see and hear in the media. † (Sexual Behavior. What Teens Learn From Media). It basically says that media is a high influence on the way kids see sex. This is clearly what happened to Esperanza since she said it wasn’t what she saw in the movies. It was a big let down for her even though she didnâ€⠄¢t want to be touched by the boys. â€Å"Linoleum Roses† is another chapter that depicts how Esperanza’s friend married an older man who brings violence to her life. Sally married an older man to get away from the violence she got at home from her father, who would beat her so she wouldn’t bring shame to his family. Sally ended up getting married with an older man who now beats her. Sally’s husband doesn’t allow her to go out or to communicate with her friends because he believes she belongs to him and finds the need to control her to keep her with him. â€Å"He also won’t appreciate the younger women being close to family and friends. † (Advice Women Need When Dating Older Men). This is what is happening to Sally she just doesn’t really mind because to her he is only violent once in awhile not all the time. She needs help and Esperanza notices that but she can’t really do anything about it but continue being her friend. Violence is a big part in the life of Esperanza’s best friend who she thought she had to protect because she truly cared for her. Esperanza just wanted her friend Sally back for them to be young and reckless. In the end Esperanza got past the violence in her neighborhood and what had happened to her because she wanted to live in her dream home alone.

Management and Weber Essay

Drawing on Weber’s ideal type, critically consider the relevance of bureaucratic administration to the management of twenty-first century organizations. Max Weber was a German sociologist in the twentieth century; he was famous for his classical management theory. Weber classified three different types of authority, traditional, charismatic and legitimate authority. Traditional authority is based on traditions and customs that the leader has the legitimate right to use authority. Charismatic authority is the belief that the leader whose mission and visions will inspire others. Legitimate authority is based on formal, system of rules. In the 1930s, Weber introduced that the bureaucratic form as being the ideal way of organizing government agencies. This soon became popular in both the private and public sectors. Weber believes that the development of rational forms to be the most important characteristics in the development of Western society and capitalism. He considered the traditional and charismatic forms as irrational. Rationality is based on reasoning, calculation and logic. One of the many types of rationality includes the formal rationality. The notion of formal rationality is important to the emergence of industrial capitalism as capitalism values reason, calculation and precision, science and logic. Formal rationality is a form of rationality that characterizes bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucracy refers to the execution of tasks that are governed by official administrative and formal rules of an organization. Weber’s bureaucratic management theory focuses on dividing organizations into hierarchies with authorities and control. The ideal type is extreme, empirically based and yardstick for comparison. Weber has 6 major principles for his ideal type of management style. Firstly, the organization has a formal hierarchical structure, which refers to the ranking system within in the management. A hierarchical structure management style also suggests a centralized decision making process, where the vast majority of decisions are made by a small number of people, usually the senior management teams. Secondly, the organization follows a management by rules system; the organization is controlled by rules, which allows decisions to be made at high level then executed by the lower levels. Thirdly, the organization is organized by functional specialty, which means that there is specialization within the organization; employees are divided into separate departments based on their abilities and skills. Specialization allows the employee to be efficient and more skilled at a specific task, which increases productivity. Furthermore, all decisions and rules are recorded in writing to ensure continuity over time. In addition, in an ideal system, there is equality between all employees, applying to both managerial and non-managerial workers. Lastly, employment is wholly based on technical qualifications, which means employees are hired on a basis of their abilities and competence. Weber’s bureaucratic management focuses on the authorities in the top level of the hierarchy and causes an â€Å"iron cage† to restrict the lower lever workers which leads to demotivation and a feeling of insignificance. Many researchers argue that weber emphasizes on the positive consequences of bureaucracy and ignores the dysfunctions of it. These researchers include Gouldner, Merton and Thompson. In Gouldner opinions, he does not believe the bureaucracy authority is neither acceptable nor efficient. He proposed three types of bureaucracy, mock bureaucracy, punishment centered bureaucracy and representative bureaucracy. In mock bureaucracy, the rules are ignored because they come from an outside agency; employees feel that there is too much ‘red tape’. In punishment-centered bureaucracy, the rules are imposed on the workers from inside the organization. This type of authority discourages the workers from full commitment; workers would only perform a adequate amount of work. In representative bureaucracy, the rules are developed and supported by managers and the employees. As for Merton, he believes that rational rules and the close control leads to inflexibility. He introduced the idea of ‘goal displacement’; this is when organizational goals are replaced by personal goals. Bureaucracies’ rules become more important than what they were designed to serve, which results in inefficiencies. In bureaucratic systems, specialization consists of different departments with different goals. These goals could cause conflict and these goals may become more important than the organization’s original objectives. Victor Thompson also criticized Weber’s ‘ideal type’, he suggests the bureaupathic behavior, and this is when employees are more interested in the rules than the purposes and goals of the organization. Thompson also argued that in bureaucratic systems, the authorities generate a sense of insecurity that uses rules to protect them from making errors. There are many more dysfunctional consequences of bureaucracy. Firstly, bureaucracy is a rigid management system, it is designed for a stable and predictable business environment, hence it cannot adapt to rapid and unexpected changes. Also, in a bureaucratic system, there is a concentration of power in the higher levels of management, which would create distance between the employees at the lower levels of the hierarchy and leading to a sense of demotivation. There was not only Weber’s theories about management style, there were also Taylorism by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, Fordism by Henry Ford, and McDonaldism by George Ritzer. Taylor was regarded as the father of scientific management. Taylorism was aimed to a) minimize production time, b) achieve divison of labour, c) reduce the amount of work by following a machinelike routine d) separate work equally among the workers and the managers, e) gain control by supervision of work with managers planning, and workers performing the tasks. His ultimate goal was to succeed in gaining efficiency by increasing output from his workers. Taylor also introduced the Time and Motion Study, this was to establish productivity. He first separated the tasks into small steps, then performance was monitored to eliminate wasteful motion, with the exact time recorded, then the production and delivery time and prices can be calculated. However, this is only suitable for repetitive tasks. The idea of taylorism is usually argued that it exploits human beings, it also ignores personal creativity and there is a loss of autonomy to the employees. Fordism was the system of mass production that was introduced by Henry Ford, the founder of the Ford Motor Company. His aim was to achieve higher productivity by standardizing the output by his company. He was also the first to introduce the use of assembly lines. In Taylorism, it focused on machine and worker efficiency, however, in Fordism, ford replaced labour with machinery and he minimizes costs instead of maximizing profits. Critics argued that Fordism destroys craftsmanship and de-skilled jobs as it focuses on machinery to perform the tasks, and with the small number of workers of the workplace, the repetitiveness of the job is believed to lead to stress and alienation of the workers. After Fordism, George Ritzer introduced the idea of McDonaldism, the term was to refer to the process of fast food restaurants dominating the world. This new structure of Ritzer’s replaced Weber’s bureaucratic structure. He proposed four principles of McDonaldization. 1) Efficiency: In McDonaldized structures, the ideal way for completing a task was the whole of the organization aims to minimize time of production. 2) Calculability: McDonaldism suggests that a large amount of product delivered in a short period of time is equivalent to a quality product. 3) Predictability: In McDonaldism, products and services are standardized, despite the location or time. 4) Control: According to McDonaldism, employees perform specific tasks with non-human technologies to replace them when needed. Bureaucracy belongs to the twentieth century when the business environment is stable and predictable, however, in the twenty-first century; the business environment is forever changing and is in need for a flexible structure. There are five key organizational trends in the twenty-first century. Firstly, globalization is the increase integration of national economies into global markets rather than national markets. Over the past years, there is an increased globalized labour market. The increased globalized markets are mainly due to improvements in transportation and communication such as the Internet. Secondly, the workforce is becoming more diversified due to changing demographics and the globalization of the labour market. Thirdly, in the twenty-first century, organizations are becoming more flexible; there are fewer detailed rules and procedures within the workplace. Employees are receiving greater autonomy with a more flexible organizational structure. Furthermore, businesses prefer to adapt to a flat organizational structure with less management levels, bringing the top management closer to the lower levels of employees hence improving the flow of information and speeding up communication within the organization. Lastly, organizations are mostly networked; there is direct communication between different departments, ignoring the chains of command. Business decision-making is decentralized in networked organizations, which improves the speed of decision-making, encourages input from the workforce and improves accountability of the employees. In conclusion, Weber’s theory of the ideal type of organization is inappropriate for the management of the twenty-first century organizations; the business environment in the current days is rapidly changing. Bureaucracy is a rigid system that does not allow easy changes which is required in the modern world. Hence, bureaucratic system is only suitable in the twentieth century where the business environment is static. Bibliography: Max Weber – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2011. Max Weber – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber. [Accessed 17 October 2011] Bureaucracy — Max Weber’s six characteristics of the bureaucratic form. 2011. Bureaucracy — Max Weber’s six characteristics of the bureaucratic form. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bustingbureaucracy.com/excerpts/weber.htm. [Accessed 17 October 2011]. WEBER ON BUREAUCRACY. 2011. WEBER ON BUREAUCRACY. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/y64l09.html. [Accessed 19 October 2011]. Bureaucratic Management. 2011. Bureaucratic Management. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_schools/bureaucratic_management.htm. [Accessed 19 October 2011]. What is Wrong with Weberian Bureaucracy?. 2011. What is Wrong with Weberian Bureaucracy?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/business/ratlegal.html. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. Bureaucracy (Advantages and Dis-Advantages)  « Michael Wiriadinata. 2011. Bureaucracy (Advantages and Dis-Advantages)  « Michael Wiriadinata. [ONLINE] Available at: http://mamikikeyu.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/bureaucracy-advantages-and-dis-advantages/. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. Scientific Management (Taylorism). 2011. Scientific Management (Taylorism). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.12manage.com/methods_taylor_scientific_management.html. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. McDonaldization – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2011. McDonaldization – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonaldization. [Accessed 27 October 2011].

Computers and Technology essays

Computers and Technology essays Ever since I was a child I have been fascinated by the way things work the way they do. From the simplest of video games, that I played with in the pre-school ages, to todays more advanced computers and computer systems, these have always amazed me. As I look forward to furthering my education, I am interested in learning more about what computers can do for education, Industries and communications. The best way to improve educational opportunities is to utilize every tool available, including state-of-the-art technology. Computers and the Internet have expanded the way in which information can be delivered to the students of today. Using todays networking technology students can practice new learning techniques. Educators are discovering that computers are facilitating learning. Computer based communications or telecommunications can offer many new learning experiences. Computers have become an integral part of education. New programs designed for educational purposes are constantly being developed. Dictionaries, encyclopedias and atlases that a student can access for his or her own computer can be a definite advantage. For example, instead of looking for a particular country and simply finding out where it is in a regular atlas, students type in the name of the country, and not only will they find out where it is faster, but they will obtain more information about the particular country. Instead of having volumes and volumes of heavy encyclopedias, technology has enabled companies to place all of these massive books on to one small CD. This CD is much simpler than the unpleasant job of flipping page by page just to read about a topic, such as history. Writing reports on a typewriter is an inefficient method to write term papers; especially if that student runs out of white-out. Certain programs offer a spell-checker, thesaurus, and other h elpful features, which make writing that term paper easier. The...

Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution

Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution Battle of San Jacinto - Conflict Date: The Battle of San Jacinto was fought April 21, 1836 and was the decisive engagement of the Texas Revolution. Armies Commanders: Republic of Texas General Sam Houston800 men2 guns Mexico Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna1,400 men1 gun Background: While Mexican President and General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna laid siege to the Alamo in early March 1836, Texan leaders gathered in Washington-on-the-Brazos to discuss independence.   On March 2, a formal declaration was approved. In addition, Major General Sam Houston received an appointment as commander-in-chief of the Texan Army. Arriving in Gonzales, he commenced organizing the forces there to offer resistance to the Mexicans. Learning of the Alamos fall late on March 13 (five days after its capture), he also received word that Santa Annas men were advancing northeast and pushing deeper into Texas. Calling a council of war, Houston discussed the situation with his senior officers and, being out-numbered and out-gunned, decided to commence an immediate withdrawal towards the US border.  This retreat forced the Texan government to abandon its capital at Washington-on-the-Brazos and flee to Galveston. Santa Anna on the Move: Houstons hasty departure from Gonzales proved fortuitous as Mexican troops entered the town on the morning of March 14. Having overwhelmed the Alamo on March 6, Santa Anna, who was eager to end the conflict, split his force in three, sending one column towards Galveston to capture the Texas government, a second back to secure his supply lines, and launched a pursuit Houston with the third. While one column defeated and massacred a Texan force at Goliad in late March, another harried Houstons army. Having briefly swelled to around 1,400 men, the Texan force began to erode as morale sunk during the prolonged retreat. Additionally, concern arose in the ranks regarding Houstons willingness fight. Concerned that his green troops would only be capable of fighting one major battle, Houston continued to avoid the enemy and was nearly removed by President David G. Burnet. On March 31, the Texans paused at Groces Landing where they were able to take two weeks to train and re-supply. Having ridden north to join his lead columns, Santa Anna first conducted a failed endeavor to capture the Texan government before turning his attention to Houstons army. Having departed Groces Landing, it had turned southeast and was moving in the direction of Harrisburg and Galveston.On April 19, his men spotted the Texas Army near the confluence of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou. Moving closer, they established a camp within 1,000 yards of Houstons position. Believing that he had the Texans trapped, Santa Anna elected to delay and postpone his attack until April 22. Reinforced by General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna had 1,400 men to Houstons 800. The Texans Prepare: On April 20, the two armies skirmished and fought a minor cavalry action. The next morning, Houston called council of war. Though most of his officers believed they should wait for Santa Annas assault, Houston decided to seize the initiative and attack first. That afternoon, the Texans burned Vinces Bridge cutting off the most likely line of retreat for Mexicans. Screened by a slight ridge that ran across the field between the armies, the Texans formed for battle with the 1st Volunteer Regiment in the center, the 2nd Volunteer Regiment on the left, and the Texas Regulars on the right. Houston Strikes: Quickly and quietly advancing, Houstons men were screened by Colonel Mirabeau Lamars cavalry on the far right. Not expecting a Texan attack, Santa Anna had neglected to post sentries outside of his camp, allowing the Texans to close without being detected. They were further aided by the fact that the time of the assault, 4:30 PM, coincided with the Mexicans afternoon siesta. Supported by two artillery pieces donated by the city of Cincinnati and known as the Twin Sisters, the Texans surged forward yelling Remember Goliad and Remember the Alamo. A Surprise Victory: Caught by surprise, the Mexicans were unable to mount an organized resistance as the Texans opened fire at close range. Pressing their attack, they quickly reduced the Mexicans to mob, forcing many to panic and flee. General Manuel Fernndez Castrillà ³n attempted to rally his troops but was shot before they could establish any resistance. The only organized defense was mounted by 400 men under General Juan Almonte, who were forced to surrender at the end of the battle. With his army disintegrating around him, Santa Anna fled the field. A complete victory for the Texans, the battle only lasted 18 minutes. Aftermath: The stunning victory at San Jacinto cost Houstons army a mere 9 killed and 26 wounded. Among the wounded was Houston himself, having been hit in the ankle. For Santa Anna, the casualties were much higher with 630 killed, 208 wounded, and 703 captured. The next day a search party was sent out to locate Santa Anna. In an attempt to avoid detection, he had exchanged his generals uniform for that of a private. When captured, he nearly escaped recognition until other prisoners began saluting him as El Presidente. The Battle of San Jacinto proved to be the decisive engagement of the Texas Revolution and effectively secured independence for the Republic of Texas. A prisoner of the Texans, Santa Anna was compelled to sign the Treaties of Velasco which called for the removal of Mexican troops from Texas soil, efforts to be made for Mexico to recognize Texas independence, and safe conduct for the president back to Veracruz. While Mexican troops did withdraw, the other elements of the treaties were not upheld and Santa Anna was held as a POW for six months and disowned by the Mexican government. Mexico did not officially recognize the loss of Texas until the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American War. Selected Sources Texas AM: Battle of San JacintoTexas State Library: Battle of San JacintoSan Jacinto Battlefield State Historic Site

Global Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Economic Development - Essay Example Countries that increase their Income but do not also raise life expectancy, reduce infant mortality, and increase literacy rates are missing out of some important aspects of development. The economic development of a country is defined as the development of the economic wealth of the country. Economic development is a maintainable boost in the standards of living of the people of a country. It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen. In the long run, economic development implies that there has been creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment. Economic development is aimed at the overall well-being of the citizens of a country, as they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the development of the economy of their country. Michael P. ... ic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation-states but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery† Economic growth, usually expressed in terms of the gross domestic product or GDP of the country, refers to a rise in national or per capita income and product. If a production of goods and services in a country rises, ultimately means an increase in the overall income and the overall consumption of goods and services in the economy (Wolf, 2005). Economic growth can be either positive or negative. Negative growth can be referred to by saying that the economy is shrinking. Negative growth is associated with economic recession and economic depression. Economic growth is a narrower concept than economic development. It is defined as the increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Experts have analyzed economic growth in various way s but the main difference lies in the fact that economic growth is generally measured with the mean of percentage. For example, GDP of a country is an example of economic growth (Parkin, 2008). The example of economic development can be social and/or financial development of the country, which is difficult to measure quantitatively. This is why economic growth is part of economic development; it helps to measure some of the whole system. Another difference between these two concepts is the type of changes. In economic growth, it takes only quantitative changes under considerations to determine the growth of an economy. For example the annual income of a country is a quantitative change and can indicate an economic growth if it has increased over time. Economic development, however, takes both

Analyze the impact of technology on a field of study of your choice Essay

Analyze the impact of technology on a field of study of your choice - Essay Example It is observed that today mobile devices proliferate in corporate environments as these devices can be easily connected to company networks. Although these devices have become an integral part of the modern life, they raise certain potential challenges to the cyber security. According to experts, it is relatively easy to hack mobile devices as compared to other computer devices. Hence, they are highly prone to data theft. In addition, today mobile devices are widely used for cyber crimes because this practice reduces the chances of being caught. Despite numerous advantages including high productivity and greater convenience, mobile devices raise severe threats to cyber security. According to a study conducted among IT professionals (as cited in Dimensional research, 2012), nearly 89% of the organizations connect mobile devices to their corporate networks. Roughly 65% participants responded that their employees used private mobile devices to access the corporate networks. The particip ants also indicated the major mobile platforms used to access corporate networks were Apple iOS (30%), BlackBerry (29%), and Android (21%). Majority of the participants (64%) argued that there has been an increase in mobile devices-related security risks to their organizations over the past two years (Dimensional research, 2012). ... For instance, it is often observed that employees connect their personal mobile devices to unprotected company networks like Wi-Fi in order to access internet. This practice increases the chances of malware attacks on the company networks and subsequently the malware-affected network may cause to lose the valuable business information stored in the company’s mobile devices. In addition, fraud employees can easily copy sensitive company information to their personal mobile devices within seconds and such issues can challenge the firm’s cyber security. Similarly, mobile devices are extremely prone to theft and loss due to their small size and high portability. If mobile devices reach the hands of third parties, they can access the data stored in it using highly advanced applications even though those devices are password-protected. Due to their small size, it is easy for external people to steal mobile devices. Evidently, data theft by individuals would more harmfully aff ect an organization than data loss due to malware attacks. In case of data theft, there might be a possibility of leaking the sensitive data to business competitors. This type of data loss or theft from mobile devices would extremely impact individuals too. Probably, people will store their family-related images and videos and other personal documents on their mobile devices. If such data are accessed by unauthorized people, this would cause great troubles to the users. Kuspriyanto and Noor (2012) point that the use of NFC (near field communication) in mobile payments systems make mobile platforms vulnerable to financially motivated cybercrimes. Evidently, such issues often cause users to suffer huge financial losses. Today,

Unsymmetrical Bending of a Cantilever Lab Report

Unsymmetrical Bending of a Cantilever - Lab Report Example The equipment was set up as shown in the laboratory manual. The two rearward were loosened and the inner two datum pegs made to contact by setting the angle between the two indicators at 900. One of the specimens was selected and fitted in the bottom chuck with the top chuck fitted with the top of the specimen and the extension piece to the bottom chuck. The cord was then placed on the groove and passed over the sliding pulley. The specimen was then rotated after undoing the top chuck. The indicators were allowed to travel 10 mm forward and 3 mm backward. The frame was tapped to reduce friction and loads applied in 100 g increments upto 500 g on the end of the cord. The resulting deflectins were recorded under Head angle: 0 °Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ title. The procedure was repeated while rotating the specimen clockwise 22.5 ° while tightening. By using dU/dP  and  dV/dP  as  a  point’s  coordinate, the points therein formed the Mohr’s circle as shown in the results. From the circle, the IX and IY were calculated for the experiment and compared to the theoretical calculation. Further, the graph of U and V (mm) against the pulling mass was used to determine the influence of the readings on load’s eccentricity. This graph was useful in finding the position at which the readings of the two indicators were equal. From this, the shear center was established by determining the intersection point. In which case, whenever the load is placed at the intersection point (shear center), the beam does not twist, since the two indicators’ readings are equal (Ross, 2009, 198). In order to verify the completeness of the results, hand calculations were done and then compared with the theoretical values. In which case, the distance between shear center and line L was calculated to confirm the accuracy of the results. However, there was a difference that can be

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis INTRODUCTION The Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacillus bacterium which is responsible for an infectious disease tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is chronic bacterial, air borne, contagious disease, which commonly affects lungs and spreads from person to person when active TB patient expels bacteria by coughing or sneezing.(Villemagne et al., 2012). After HIV, Tuberculosis claims world’s second deadliest disease caused by single infectious agent.(Moualeu et al., 2015). In worlds population, one third of individuals are infected with dormant infection, but only 10% of infected people will be symptomatic.(Villemagne et al., 2012). As mentioned in WHO data, yearly global tuberculosis report 2014, it is estimated that 9 million people were symptomatic and develop active TB and out of them, 1.5 million people were died in 2013. Probability of occurrence of TB in HIV patients is high because 360000 out of the 1.5 million deaths were HIV positive. Most of TB cases occur in poorest countrie s like South-East Asia and West Pacific and African regions. It also affects countries like India and China to some extent. Tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease with effective diagnosis and treatment because 37 million lives were saved between 2000 and 2013.(WHO,2014). The effective treatment of tuberculosis follows multi drug regimens, in which first-line therapy includes four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) administered during initial intensive stage for two months and followed by continuous phase with rifampicin and isoniazid for four months.(Sosnik et al., 2010). When first-line drugs are mismanaged, therapeutic failure occurs, which leads to multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) which is difficult to treat. Then second line agents such as flouroquinolones and aminoglycosides are given, which are more expensive, more toxicity and less potent. Next stage follows extensively drug resistant TB(XDR-TB) which occurs when second line agents are misused, and disease becomes severe.(Kaur and Singh, 2014). Rifampicin is one of the potent and effective antibiotic and is first drug of choice for long term continuous therapy (six months) and it is having severe side effects as acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity.(Son and McConville, 2011). Chemical name of rifampicin is 3-[[(4-methyl-1-piperazynl)imino]-methyl]-rifamycin.(Argekar et al., 1996). It shows bactericidal activity by binding to ÃŽ ²-subunit of the DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibits the bacterial RNA synthesis. Rifampicin facing severe toxicity problems can be solved by reducing the frequency of administration and maintaining a controlled release which is possible by lipid based nanoparticles.(Labuschagne et al., 2014). It is classified as BCS class Ó Ãƒâ€œÃ‚  drug (low solubility and high permeability) and due to poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, this drug is best suitable for lipid based nanocarriers which shows good lipid solubility.(Moretton et al., 2010). Cubosomes are lipid based sub-micron, discrete nanoparticles of liquid crystalline phase with cubic crystallographic symmetry.(Achouri et al., 2014). When amphiphilic lipid is made contact with excess water then it forms a self-assembled liquid crystalline structure of bicontinuous cubic phase and inverse hexagonal phases.(Nguyen et al., 2011). Cubosomes are composed of a lipid and surfactant, first lipid (monoolein) due to its amphiphilic nature it has an ability to solubilize both hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules. It is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible material, which is approved by FDA inactive ingredients. Second hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant (poloxamer 407), it is triblock copolymer two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic block of polypropylene oxide (PPO) that is (PEO-PPO-PEO).(Achouri et al., 2014). Cubosomes are best suitable for poorly water soluble drugs, and they increase solubilisation of drug and m aintain controlled release.(Boyd, 2003) Rifampicin is the only lipophilic drug in all anti-TB first-line drugs. This drug delivery system enhances drug solubility and bioavailability and reduces toxicity and maintains controlled release at the target site. In this study, we prepared rifampicin loaded cubosomes by hot melt method. The main objective of the study to reduce the dose and maintain controlled release, and it is also capable of increasing solubility and bioavailability of the drug. The optimized formulation ratio was fixed by the results obtained by varying dependent and independent variables using response surface methodology (RSM) with a 3 ² full factorial design. Materials Methods Rifampicin was obtained as a free sample from Lupin (Lupin pharmaceuticals, Pune), Peceol was purchased from and poloxamer 407 was purchased from and millipore water was used for all experiments. Preparation of rifampicin loaded cubosomes Rifampicin loaded cubosomes are prepared by using hot melt method.(Boyd, 2003). In this method, Peceol, poloxamer 407 and drug were taken as organic phase and mixed until the drug is completely entrapped in the dispersed phase. And then organic phase and aqueous phase (water) were heated at 70 ºC and aqueous phase was added slowly to organic phase under stirring. Then bulk cubic gel was fragmented by high speed homogenisation (Ultraturrax, 12000rpm) for 10 minutes and ultrasonication for 5minutes. The final dispersion was stored at room temperature. Experimental design References Achouri, D., Sergent, M., Tonetto, A., Piccerelle, P., Andrieu, V., Hornebecq, V., 2014. Self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles as an ophthalmic drug delivery system. Part II: optimization of formulation variables using experimental design. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 9045, 1–9. doi:10.3109/03639045.2014.884113 Argekar, A.P., Kunjir, S.S., Purandare, K.S., 1996. Simultaneous determination of rifampicin , isoniazid and pyrazinamid by high performance thin layer chromatography 14, 1645–1650. Boyd, B., 2003. Characterisation of drug release from cubosomes using the pressure ultrafiltration method. Int. J. Pharm. 260, 239–247. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00262-X Kaur, I.P., Singh, H., 2014. Nanostructured drug delivery for better management of tuberculosis. J. Control. Release 184, 36–50. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.009 Labuschagne, P.W., Adami, R., Liparoti, S., Naidoo, S., Swai, H., Reverchon, E., 2014. Preparation of rifampicin/poly(d,l-lactice) nanoparticles for sustained release by supercritical assisted atomization technique. J. Supercrit. Fluids 95, 106–117. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.08.004 Moretton, M. a, Glisoni, R.J., Chiappetta, D. a, Sosnik, A., 2010. Molecular implications in the nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin within flower-like polymeric micelles. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 79, 467–79. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.016 Moualeu, D.P., Weiser, M., Ehrig, R., Deuflhard, P., 2015. Optimal control for a tuberculosis model with undetected cases in Cameroon. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 20, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.037 Nguyen, T.-H., Hanley, T., Porter, C.J.H., Boyd, B.J., 2011. Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles provide long duration sustained-release effect for a poorly water soluble drug after oral administration. J. Control. Release 153, 180–6. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.033 Son, Y.-J., McConville, J.T., 2011. A new respirable form of rifampicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 78, 366–76. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.004 Sosnik, A., Carcaboso, A.M., Glisoni, R.J., Moretton, M. a, Chiappetta, D. a, 2010. New old challenges in tuberculosis: potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 547–59. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.023 Villemagne, B., Crauste, C., Flipo, M., Baulard, A.R., Dà ©prez, B., Willand, N., 2012. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 51, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033 WHO 2014, n.d.

Anger by Linda Pastan Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word anger, a noun physical affliction or pain; inflammatory state of any part of the body. Then defines anger, a verb to distress, trouble, vex, hurt, wound. In Linda Pastan’s poem â€Å"Anger† the word anger takes the action of a noun. The word anger stands out for two reasons, the author chooses it for the title, and the only sentence with anger gives the poem meaning. In the beginning of the poem the word â€Å"it† gets used many times and we don’t know what â€Å"it† refers to until she actually states the word â€Å"anger,† then we realize the â€Å"it† referred to earlier means anger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She only uses the word â€Å"anger† once, â€Å"You whose anger is a pet dog† (pg717, line12). She chooses to finally use the word â€Å"anger† here to show the reader that the person she refers to and her ways of dealing with anger differ. The magnitude of her anger causes her to remain secretive, though she wants to tell him she knows it will only make things worse. The serious thing about her anger remains that we don’t know what causes these feelings. We only know what she states, â€Å"But mine is a rabid thing, sharpening its teeth on my very bones, and I will never let it go.† (pg717, lines14-16) This is important for two reasons, first, it is the point at which we see how the author views her anger and to what subjective nature it is relevant. Second, we come to know that her anger is also an adversary of hers, because som...

Evolution of Historiography in Greek Civilization Essay

Historiography is the study of how people transmit and obtain knowledge over time. It is a subject that can explain how people’s culture, social networks, economy and political ways have evolved over time. It simply shows people where they have come from to attain what is known as modernity. There are many people who have learnt the different histories of different cultures. In the paper, it is evident that there is a historiography on Greek civilization. This means that it will look at how ancient Greek used to be and how it is right now in this era of modernity. It is evident that Greek has contributed to so much especially in languages all over the world thus its history can easily be studied. Many of its writings have been used and are still being used to date but the fact is that it has changed in order to cope with the changing world (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The study of Greek historiography includes looking at the Ancient Greek whereby it is the time from Greek history to the Greek’s Dark Ages including the time when the Romans conquered it. Greek is usually considered as the provocation of Western Civilization foundation because of its powerful culture. The Greek’s powerful culture is moved from the Roman Empire to numerous parts of Europe. The main issue is that Greek civilization has had a major influence in many different languages especially in the European countries. Most of the words used by the different languages have come from the Greek words and symbols. More so, Greek is not only known for its influence in language only but also philosophy, education, art and political systems (Rodger, pp. 51). Many philosophical theories have Greek origin and the use the Greek names. America and Europe adopted these terms and used them in their studies. To date most scientific names have Greek origin. Mycenaean civilization came to an end in 1150BC and there is not so much history about it as many historians study ancient Greek from the Olympic Games in 776BC. Civilization in Greek is said to have begun after the death of Alexander the Great which was in 323 BC. Since the study of the Ancient Greek has mixed up history, it has been divided in to four parts; Greek Dark ages, archaic period, classical period and Hellenistic period. The Dark Ages period is said to have begun on 1100 to750 BC which saw the coming up of geometrical designs which were done on pottery work. The archaic period lasted between 750 to 480BC where artists were characterized by making sculptures that had unique and stiff poses. The classical period was exemplary for instance it had the Parthenon. Lastly, the Hellenistic period which begun on 323Bc and ended on 146 BC was characterized by the gaining of power and expansion of the Greek culture. This was when Alexander the great died and the roman conquest came to an end. The culture and society of the Hellenistic times did not undergo any changes until the time Christianity started to rule (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The rule of Alexander the great brought contributed to the expansion of Greek territories. This needed a political structure that kept on changing with the different phases of Greek civilization. Greece had very many independent cities and they were not divide din terms of tribes and kingdoms like other societies. The people knew that they were one and there was no need to dwell on tribal issues. This is because all of them shared the same language, religion and culture thus unified them. It should be noted that despite the recognition of them being one they were aware of the different tribes and origins where different people came from but this did not divide them at all. This is seen when different tribes in Greece unify to fight against the people who invaded Persia. In addition, the different city states were governed differently. People put up different functions for their kings especially during the Greek Dark Ages. This changed during the archaic period when different cities practiced oligarchies. The governing of a city now became hereditary whereby leadership was passed on to the son of the king. Due to the problems brought about by tyranny like protecting people of the same cultures thus bringing social unrest, Greece was the first to bring up the concept of democracy in the world (David, pp. 120-126). Citizens came for an assembly whereby they could choose who was to run the office and who was not to be in the office. The problem was that the poor people could not speak in the assemblies and even run for office. Later the democracy levels increased leading to the allowance of poor people to speak out their views and the ability for them to run the office. Athens was the first city to practice full democracy leading to other cities copying its strategy (Anne, pp. 38-40). In ancient Greece, there was nothing like special privileges. If one was not native-born in Greece they were not protected by the laws of any city state in Greece. The society was divided in to social classes by the amount of wealth one had. The only way one could move up the social ladder was if they made a lot of money. Slaves were also found in Greece but they did not have any power over any one in Greece. They were supposed to follow orders and they were not allowed to own any kind of property not only democratic rights. Young boys were allowed to start school at the age of seven years. They learnt different things like science, art, music and so on when they were older. At the age of eighteen years schooling had to come to an end and one would now become a useful member of the society by becoming part of the army through intense training (Leonora, pp. 128-130). Reference Anne P. , 2004. The Greek Civilization; Ancient Greece, published by DK publishers. Pp. 38-40. David S. , 2004. Transformation of the culture; Ancient Greek Civilization, published by Blackwell. Pp. 120-126. Ernst Breisach, 2007. Historiography Ancient, Medieval and Modern; published by the University of Chicago press. Chapters 1 to 6. Leonora N. , 2004. Social, political and culture of Greece; Temper of Greek Civilization, published by Brown University. Pp. 128-130. Rodger D. W. , 2008. The Greek dialect, the ancient European languages: Published by the Cambridge University press. Pp. 51.