Unsymmetrical Bending of a Cantilever Lab Report

Unsymmetrical Bending of a Cantilever - Lab Report Example The equipment was set up as shown in the laboratory manual. The two rearward were loosened and the inner two datum pegs made to contact by setting the angle between the two indicators at 900. One of the specimens was selected and fitted in the bottom chuck with the top chuck fitted with the top of the specimen and the extension piece to the bottom chuck. The cord was then placed on the groove and passed over the sliding pulley. The specimen was then rotated after undoing the top chuck. The indicators were allowed to travel 10 mm forward and 3 mm backward. The frame was tapped to reduce friction and loads applied in 100 g increments upto 500 g on the end of the cord. The resulting deflectins were recorded under Head angle: 0 °Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ title. The procedure was repeated while rotating the specimen clockwise 22.5 ° while tightening. By using dU/dP  and  dV/dP  as  a  point’s  coordinate, the points therein formed the Mohr’s circle as shown in the results. From the circle, the IX and IY were calculated for the experiment and compared to the theoretical calculation. Further, the graph of U and V (mm) against the pulling mass was used to determine the influence of the readings on load’s eccentricity. This graph was useful in finding the position at which the readings of the two indicators were equal. From this, the shear center was established by determining the intersection point. In which case, whenever the load is placed at the intersection point (shear center), the beam does not twist, since the two indicators’ readings are equal (Ross, 2009, 198). In order to verify the completeness of the results, hand calculations were done and then compared with the theoretical values. In which case, the distance between shear center and line L was calculated to confirm the accuracy of the results. However, there was a difference that can be

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis INTRODUCTION The Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacillus bacterium which is responsible for an infectious disease tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is chronic bacterial, air borne, contagious disease, which commonly affects lungs and spreads from person to person when active TB patient expels bacteria by coughing or sneezing.(Villemagne et al., 2012). After HIV, Tuberculosis claims world’s second deadliest disease caused by single infectious agent.(Moualeu et al., 2015). In worlds population, one third of individuals are infected with dormant infection, but only 10% of infected people will be symptomatic.(Villemagne et al., 2012). As mentioned in WHO data, yearly global tuberculosis report 2014, it is estimated that 9 million people were symptomatic and develop active TB and out of them, 1.5 million people were died in 2013. Probability of occurrence of TB in HIV patients is high because 360000 out of the 1.5 million deaths were HIV positive. Most of TB cases occur in poorest countrie s like South-East Asia and West Pacific and African regions. It also affects countries like India and China to some extent. Tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease with effective diagnosis and treatment because 37 million lives were saved between 2000 and 2013.(WHO,2014). The effective treatment of tuberculosis follows multi drug regimens, in which first-line therapy includes four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) administered during initial intensive stage for two months and followed by continuous phase with rifampicin and isoniazid for four months.(Sosnik et al., 2010). When first-line drugs are mismanaged, therapeutic failure occurs, which leads to multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) which is difficult to treat. Then second line agents such as flouroquinolones and aminoglycosides are given, which are more expensive, more toxicity and less potent. Next stage follows extensively drug resistant TB(XDR-TB) which occurs when second line agents are misused, and disease becomes severe.(Kaur and Singh, 2014). Rifampicin is one of the potent and effective antibiotic and is first drug of choice for long term continuous therapy (six months) and it is having severe side effects as acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity.(Son and McConville, 2011). Chemical name of rifampicin is 3-[[(4-methyl-1-piperazynl)imino]-methyl]-rifamycin.(Argekar et al., 1996). It shows bactericidal activity by binding to ÃŽ ²-subunit of the DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibits the bacterial RNA synthesis. Rifampicin facing severe toxicity problems can be solved by reducing the frequency of administration and maintaining a controlled release which is possible by lipid based nanoparticles.(Labuschagne et al., 2014). It is classified as BCS class Ó Ãƒâ€œÃ‚  drug (low solubility and high permeability) and due to poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, this drug is best suitable for lipid based nanocarriers which shows good lipid solubility.(Moretton et al., 2010). Cubosomes are lipid based sub-micron, discrete nanoparticles of liquid crystalline phase with cubic crystallographic symmetry.(Achouri et al., 2014). When amphiphilic lipid is made contact with excess water then it forms a self-assembled liquid crystalline structure of bicontinuous cubic phase and inverse hexagonal phases.(Nguyen et al., 2011). Cubosomes are composed of a lipid and surfactant, first lipid (monoolein) due to its amphiphilic nature it has an ability to solubilize both hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules. It is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible material, which is approved by FDA inactive ingredients. Second hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant (poloxamer 407), it is triblock copolymer two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic block of polypropylene oxide (PPO) that is (PEO-PPO-PEO).(Achouri et al., 2014). Cubosomes are best suitable for poorly water soluble drugs, and they increase solubilisation of drug and m aintain controlled release.(Boyd, 2003) Rifampicin is the only lipophilic drug in all anti-TB first-line drugs. This drug delivery system enhances drug solubility and bioavailability and reduces toxicity and maintains controlled release at the target site. In this study, we prepared rifampicin loaded cubosomes by hot melt method. The main objective of the study to reduce the dose and maintain controlled release, and it is also capable of increasing solubility and bioavailability of the drug. The optimized formulation ratio was fixed by the results obtained by varying dependent and independent variables using response surface methodology (RSM) with a 3 ² full factorial design. Materials Methods Rifampicin was obtained as a free sample from Lupin (Lupin pharmaceuticals, Pune), Peceol was purchased from and poloxamer 407 was purchased from and millipore water was used for all experiments. Preparation of rifampicin loaded cubosomes Rifampicin loaded cubosomes are prepared by using hot melt method.(Boyd, 2003). In this method, Peceol, poloxamer 407 and drug were taken as organic phase and mixed until the drug is completely entrapped in the dispersed phase. And then organic phase and aqueous phase (water) were heated at 70 ºC and aqueous phase was added slowly to organic phase under stirring. Then bulk cubic gel was fragmented by high speed homogenisation (Ultraturrax, 12000rpm) for 10 minutes and ultrasonication for 5minutes. The final dispersion was stored at room temperature. Experimental design References Achouri, D., Sergent, M., Tonetto, A., Piccerelle, P., Andrieu, V., Hornebecq, V., 2014. Self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles as an ophthalmic drug delivery system. Part II: optimization of formulation variables using experimental design. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 9045, 1–9. doi:10.3109/03639045.2014.884113 Argekar, A.P., Kunjir, S.S., Purandare, K.S., 1996. Simultaneous determination of rifampicin , isoniazid and pyrazinamid by high performance thin layer chromatography 14, 1645–1650. Boyd, B., 2003. Characterisation of drug release from cubosomes using the pressure ultrafiltration method. Int. J. Pharm. 260, 239–247. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00262-X Kaur, I.P., Singh, H., 2014. Nanostructured drug delivery for better management of tuberculosis. J. Control. Release 184, 36–50. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.009 Labuschagne, P.W., Adami, R., Liparoti, S., Naidoo, S., Swai, H., Reverchon, E., 2014. Preparation of rifampicin/poly(d,l-lactice) nanoparticles for sustained release by supercritical assisted atomization technique. J. Supercrit. Fluids 95, 106–117. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.08.004 Moretton, M. a, Glisoni, R.J., Chiappetta, D. a, Sosnik, A., 2010. Molecular implications in the nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin within flower-like polymeric micelles. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 79, 467–79. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.016 Moualeu, D.P., Weiser, M., Ehrig, R., Deuflhard, P., 2015. Optimal control for a tuberculosis model with undetected cases in Cameroon. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 20, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.037 Nguyen, T.-H., Hanley, T., Porter, C.J.H., Boyd, B.J., 2011. Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles provide long duration sustained-release effect for a poorly water soluble drug after oral administration. J. Control. Release 153, 180–6. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.033 Son, Y.-J., McConville, J.T., 2011. A new respirable form of rifampicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 78, 366–76. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.004 Sosnik, A., Carcaboso, A.M., Glisoni, R.J., Moretton, M. a, Chiappetta, D. a, 2010. New old challenges in tuberculosis: potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 547–59. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.023 Villemagne, B., Crauste, C., Flipo, M., Baulard, A.R., Dà ©prez, B., Willand, N., 2012. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 51, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033 WHO 2014, n.d.

Anger by Linda Pastan Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word anger, a noun physical affliction or pain; inflammatory state of any part of the body. Then defines anger, a verb to distress, trouble, vex, hurt, wound. In Linda Pastan’s poem â€Å"Anger† the word anger takes the action of a noun. The word anger stands out for two reasons, the author chooses it for the title, and the only sentence with anger gives the poem meaning. In the beginning of the poem the word â€Å"it† gets used many times and we don’t know what â€Å"it† refers to until she actually states the word â€Å"anger,† then we realize the â€Å"it† referred to earlier means anger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She only uses the word â€Å"anger† once, â€Å"You whose anger is a pet dog† (pg717, line12). She chooses to finally use the word â€Å"anger† here to show the reader that the person she refers to and her ways of dealing with anger differ. The magnitude of her anger causes her to remain secretive, though she wants to tell him she knows it will only make things worse. The serious thing about her anger remains that we don’t know what causes these feelings. We only know what she states, â€Å"But mine is a rabid thing, sharpening its teeth on my very bones, and I will never let it go.† (pg717, lines14-16) This is important for two reasons, first, it is the point at which we see how the author views her anger and to what subjective nature it is relevant. Second, we come to know that her anger is also an adversary of hers, because som...

Evolution of Historiography in Greek Civilization Essay

Historiography is the study of how people transmit and obtain knowledge over time. It is a subject that can explain how people’s culture, social networks, economy and political ways have evolved over time. It simply shows people where they have come from to attain what is known as modernity. There are many people who have learnt the different histories of different cultures. In the paper, it is evident that there is a historiography on Greek civilization. This means that it will look at how ancient Greek used to be and how it is right now in this era of modernity. It is evident that Greek has contributed to so much especially in languages all over the world thus its history can easily be studied. Many of its writings have been used and are still being used to date but the fact is that it has changed in order to cope with the changing world (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The study of Greek historiography includes looking at the Ancient Greek whereby it is the time from Greek history to the Greek’s Dark Ages including the time when the Romans conquered it. Greek is usually considered as the provocation of Western Civilization foundation because of its powerful culture. The Greek’s powerful culture is moved from the Roman Empire to numerous parts of Europe. The main issue is that Greek civilization has had a major influence in many different languages especially in the European countries. Most of the words used by the different languages have come from the Greek words and symbols. More so, Greek is not only known for its influence in language only but also philosophy, education, art and political systems (Rodger, pp. 51). Many philosophical theories have Greek origin and the use the Greek names. America and Europe adopted these terms and used them in their studies. To date most scientific names have Greek origin. Mycenaean civilization came to an end in 1150BC and there is not so much history about it as many historians study ancient Greek from the Olympic Games in 776BC. Civilization in Greek is said to have begun after the death of Alexander the Great which was in 323 BC. Since the study of the Ancient Greek has mixed up history, it has been divided in to four parts; Greek Dark ages, archaic period, classical period and Hellenistic period. The Dark Ages period is said to have begun on 1100 to750 BC which saw the coming up of geometrical designs which were done on pottery work. The archaic period lasted between 750 to 480BC where artists were characterized by making sculptures that had unique and stiff poses. The classical period was exemplary for instance it had the Parthenon. Lastly, the Hellenistic period which begun on 323Bc and ended on 146 BC was characterized by the gaining of power and expansion of the Greek culture. This was when Alexander the great died and the roman conquest came to an end. The culture and society of the Hellenistic times did not undergo any changes until the time Christianity started to rule (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The rule of Alexander the great brought contributed to the expansion of Greek territories. This needed a political structure that kept on changing with the different phases of Greek civilization. Greece had very many independent cities and they were not divide din terms of tribes and kingdoms like other societies. The people knew that they were one and there was no need to dwell on tribal issues. This is because all of them shared the same language, religion and culture thus unified them. It should be noted that despite the recognition of them being one they were aware of the different tribes and origins where different people came from but this did not divide them at all. This is seen when different tribes in Greece unify to fight against the people who invaded Persia. In addition, the different city states were governed differently. People put up different functions for their kings especially during the Greek Dark Ages. This changed during the archaic period when different cities practiced oligarchies. The governing of a city now became hereditary whereby leadership was passed on to the son of the king. Due to the problems brought about by tyranny like protecting people of the same cultures thus bringing social unrest, Greece was the first to bring up the concept of democracy in the world (David, pp. 120-126). Citizens came for an assembly whereby they could choose who was to run the office and who was not to be in the office. The problem was that the poor people could not speak in the assemblies and even run for office. Later the democracy levels increased leading to the allowance of poor people to speak out their views and the ability for them to run the office. Athens was the first city to practice full democracy leading to other cities copying its strategy (Anne, pp. 38-40). In ancient Greece, there was nothing like special privileges. If one was not native-born in Greece they were not protected by the laws of any city state in Greece. The society was divided in to social classes by the amount of wealth one had. The only way one could move up the social ladder was if they made a lot of money. Slaves were also found in Greece but they did not have any power over any one in Greece. They were supposed to follow orders and they were not allowed to own any kind of property not only democratic rights. Young boys were allowed to start school at the age of seven years. They learnt different things like science, art, music and so on when they were older. At the age of eighteen years schooling had to come to an end and one would now become a useful member of the society by becoming part of the army through intense training (Leonora, pp. 128-130). Reference Anne P. , 2004. The Greek Civilization; Ancient Greece, published by DK publishers. Pp. 38-40. David S. , 2004. Transformation of the culture; Ancient Greek Civilization, published by Blackwell. Pp. 120-126. Ernst Breisach, 2007. Historiography Ancient, Medieval and Modern; published by the University of Chicago press. Chapters 1 to 6. Leonora N. , 2004. Social, political and culture of Greece; Temper of Greek Civilization, published by Brown University. Pp. 128-130. Rodger D. W. , 2008. The Greek dialect, the ancient European languages: Published by the Cambridge University press. Pp. 51.

IEP Inclusion Essay

The main function of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has always been to integrate the value of learning and development among special students within the educational curriculum. Recognizing the current trends and needs of students, the law was changed to address the functions of consolidating different measures to enhance approaches that bridges further effectiveness in carrying out its goals and objectives. Reacting to its application within Georgia (GA), these new tenets diversified the value of integrating new laws and furthering opportunities that infused better means of facilitation, transmission, and redirection of necessary elements essential towards increased appreciation and learning. One essential application of the amendment of the IDEA corresponds to the acquisition and training of highly qualified teachers. Since the practice of inclusion of special students within the classroom requires the necessary skills and competence among educators, the application of standards coincide not only within the precept of IDEA but also on other educational mandates such as the No Child Left behind Policy (NCLB). By ensuring that Georgian teachers are fit to meet the needs of students via training and development of necessary skills, they can help transcend towards furthering means to induce inclusion and determine the best programs available for students regardless of their physical and cognitive capacities (Hyatt, 2007). Another crucial component shaping Georgia in adherence to the needs of facilitating inclusion and the needs of special students revolves around the procedural safeguards present within the state. Here, the board of education alongside educational institutions are the ones who ensure that careful application of protective mandates is given towards special students particularly in the realm of disciplining, mediation, and the process of intervention during specific cases. Such directions can then induce better means for reinforcing accountability and responsibility among educators and administrators in congruence to the mandates provided by IDEA in reference to protective mechanism for the needs of special students and the promotion of inclusion (Hyatt, 2007). The third aspect that needs to be considered revolves around the nature of individualized education programs. Under the specific tenets advocated by the Georgian Board of Education, it has mandated and amended new conditions prior to the implementation of an IEP program. Under these conditions, it must correspond to particular standards and approved by the supervisory committee handling specific subjects and disciplines. In here, modifications within the IDEA were introduced to carry out a wider span and target new means of consolidating a wider scope in trying to reach out towards the needs of special students particularly those with disabilities (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). With regards to early intervention programs, specific attention is made by the Georgia Department of Education wherein they try to incorporate different schemes in reaching out towards special students and making them take part in government sponsored programs. In here, specific consideration is made the derivation of rubrics and EIP guidelines so as to guide both parents and educators about the appropriate model that is effective for each participant (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). Alongside this process is the condition towards centering options to help students meet the demands of their grade level and adhere to the standards provided by IDEA. The last part circumvents with the process alignment with the No Child Left behind Policy. Under this mandate, the Georgia Department of Education has corresponded and integrated its school policies and its programs according to its mandates. Here, amendments and rules were reinforced to guide educators and administrators the appropriate perspectives in helping students with disabilities become readily available and competent (Idea Partnership. org, 2007). Similarly, these conditions also center in areas such as special education services, school improvement, and addressing proficiency standards. All these conditions then necessitate better means to justify and outline congruence with both the differing perspectives and mandates provided by IDEA and NCLB. In the end, it can be argued that the Georgia Department of Education has indeed consolidated efforts towards bridging and redefining the mandates of the IDEA. Here, they had sought to help induce inclusion within the classroom by consolidating the directives provided by the IDEA and applies them according to the norms prevalent within educational institutions. By reinforcing these policies, Georgia remains responsive and accountable to the increasing needs of special students and opens up opportunities for growth and development.

Appearance vs. Reality in Sedgwicks Hope Leslie

Appearance vs. Reality in Sedgwicks Hope Leslie In her novel, Hope Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick supplants the importance of strict adherence to religious tenets with the significance the human conscience and following one's own heart. This central theme of the novel is intimated to the reader in the scene where Sir Philip Gardiner, a character that completely defies this ideal, is described. Although he "had a certain erect and gallant bearing that marks a man of the world . . . his dress was strictly puritanical" (124). In other words, even though his demeanor is completely unlike that of a puritan, he adheres to the outward seeming of one. The scene describes in detail these markings and intimations of his person that would indicate an attitude not befitting a puritan. His face suggested the "ravages of the passions" while his constantly roving eyes indicated a "restless mind" (124). The only signs of Sir Philip's "puritanism" are his pretenses and his clothing, and these are enough to convince society he is a religious man, quite a "dandy quaker" (125).English: The actress Leslie Hope at San Diego Comi...Sir Philip is hailed as "a godly and approved member of the congregation" (152). He is considered such an exemplar of the puritanical faith that he is deemed a more appropriate match for Hope than Everell. While Sir Philip maintains the outward appearances of a puritan, Everell, while his "puritan principles [remain] uncorrupted . . . has little of the outward man of a 'pilgrim indeed'" (150). When Mr. Fletcher asks Winthrop about the validity of Sir Philip's supposed credentials, Winthrop replies "that he thought the gentleman scarcely needed other than he carried in his language and deportment" (155). While Sir Philip's principles are untested and Everell clearly rests on puritanical principles, Sir Philip remains the preferred choice for Hope because he has all of the seeming of...

Adults Who Hit Misbehaving Children Young People Essay Essays

Adults Who Hit Misbehaving Children Young People Essay Essays Adults Who Hit Misbehaving Children Young People Essay Essay Adults Who Hit Misbehaving Children Young People Essay Essay Essay Topic: Adults In the twenty-first century, most parents do non hold experience on how to educate their kids and how are they supposed to rectify the incorrect behaviors of their kids. During most parents childhood yearss, they were frequently hit by their parents after they have done the incorrect thing. Since they have grown up being a mulct and successful individual, they thought that this is the right method of educating their kids. On my personal sentiment, I do non believe that such method plants in a sense in the twenty-first century. Furthermore, hitting a kid can take to child maltreatment which is against the jurisprudence. Besides hitting kids for misbehaving, there are still a batch more method to rectify the kids. Parents should seek aid from experts if they have trouble learning their kids alternatively of hitting them. Children are besides worlds, they excessively have their ain emotions. Hiting misconducting kids could go forth long-run effects on the kid, t he long-run effects of hitting misconducting kids are kids might believe that it is all right to decide state of affairss with force, kids will hold anti-social behaviour and they could be emotionally damaged. Among the long-run consequence of hitting misconducting kids are that it teaches kids that the right manner to decide state of affairss is with physical force. After hitting misconducting kids for rather some clip, earlier or subsequently the kids themselves could evidently be seen moving out in force excessively. Worst of, this could go on on yearlings excessively! Children frequently give blowhole to by fliping their playthings all over the topographic point when they get disquieted or angry over something. Children might go ill-mannered to their parents excessively. When these kids grow older, they tend to go aggressive as grownups and move out in ways as condemnable activity. Harmonizing to research, most felons say that they had been invariably hit by their parents during their childhood. Besides that, when these kids get older they might mistreat their partner and kids. After a difficult twenty-four hours at work, they will normally let go of their choler on their partner by cr ushing their partner and mistreating their kids. Besides that, the effects of hitting misconducting kids will do kids to hold anti-social behaviour. Harmonizing to research, kids that are being hit frequently cheat on their test. Children do non mind rip offing on tests for the interest of acquiring better classs. Children will besides be noncompliance at school and traveling against the school regulations. They are ever doing problems at the school by disobeying the school regulations, picking up a battle with other pupils or even vandalising the school s belongings. They do non experience fear when covering with the subject instructor or the principal. On top of that, kids will non experience sorry after misconducting or non acquiring along with instructors. They are ever doing jobs in the schoolroom, non paying attending or disrupting the instructors when the category is ongoing. Finally, hitting misconducting kids will do them to be emotionally damaged. We should cognize that kids are besides worlds, they excessively have feelings. Constantly hitting the kids will destruct the kids s self-pride and doing them to hold no assurance when they are covering with things. Children might besides believe that they are worthless because they are ever making the incorrect things and ever acquiring hit by their parents, they think that they are neer making the right things and felt really ashamed of themselves. Last, kids might go diffident or despondent from others, they dare non to interact and socialise themselves with other people. They could be seen ever avoiding to hold contact with aliens doing them to hold no friends at all. In decision, hitting misconducting kids is non the right method to educate and rectify kids. This is because kids might believe that the right manner to work out jobs are by utilizing beastly force alternatively of utilizing their encephalon to analyse what the job is and work out it in the smart manner. Children could besides go unsociable as when they are at place, they are already being hit by their parents for their incorrect doing them to believe that the outside universe could be much worse. It besides causes kids to be unprompted, they do non hold a stable emotion. Therefore, parents should seek advice from experts as how to learn their kids to act themselves.

Generating Bankable Story Ideas for Film and Television

Generating Bankable Story Ideas for Film and Television So, you’ve finally decided to try your hand at screenwriting. You’ve read  Syd Field’s Screenplay  cover to cover. You’ve bought the latest version of Final Draft. You’ve set aside time each night to write three pages knowing that in a month you’ll have a first draft of your 90-page opus. You’re pumped! There’s just one small problem. You have no idea what to write. I mean, you know what topics you’re passionate about, but that doesn’t necessarily make for a sellable screenplay†¦ does it? Where and how does one generate those great story ideas that make it from script to screen? The good news is there’s no magic formula, no hidden secret, no play- Look at What’s Hot Critics often pan Tinseltown for its plethora of derivative works. But there’s a very simple reason why the same kinds of movies and TV shows get made over and over: they work. If audiences keep tuning in, why stop? Look at the type of content that’s doing well with audiences right now and how long it’s been that way. If it’s been a few years with no signs of abating, there’s a good chance producers want more of it. Figure out what hot content you enjoy and then come up with your unique spin on it. Consult an Expert Experts are everywhere. Producers, script consultants, distribution execs, sales agents. And while they may not have a crystal ball, their position in the industry means they likely see what’s selling and what’s making money. Moreover, they’re often desperate for writers willing to eschew personal passions in favor of writing what’s marketable. So, where do you find these experts? Attend networking events, film markets and festivals, join a professional writers’ group, or ask friends who have connections. Open a Newspaper Some of the best ideas hide in plain sight. Newspapers, magazines, and blogs are rife with human interest stories and current events that might make for strong movies or TV shows. How do you know which ones? First, look at how popular the story is. Have you seen it in numerous publications? Is it a front-pager? Has it been getting tons of hits? And second, is real drama there? Real adversity? Something that’s almost too amazing to believe? If readers are responding, audiences probably will, too. It Really Is Who You Know Movie-goers love true stories. And while newspapers are filled with them, it may be challenging for a frosh screenwriter to secure a subject’s life rights without significant money involved. (A true story is essentially worthless to a screenwriter without a life rights option in place.) Instead, look at people you know who have highly peculiar, unique, or exceptional life stories. They may just be the hidden gem you’ve been searching for, and they’re more likely to option their life rights to you for cheap. Adapt Preexisting Material The Academy doesn’t offer a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for nothing. Preexisting material is fertile ground for new story ideas. And it doesn’t have to be some book on the New York Times bestseller list either. In fact, it doesn’t have to be a book at all. Novellas, short stories, poems, comic books, graphic novels, blogs, even advice columns have all found second lives as movies or TV shows. Consider whether the material is topical and relevant to today’s audience, and you may just have a winner on your hands. Partner Up Producers who are having trouble finding specific types of material may be willing to partner with you if you write on spec. Both sides put in sweat equity – you write the material, and they guide the process, develop the material, and eventually shop it. If it gets sold, everyone gets paid. If the producers can at least offer basic story direction or lay out their investor’s parameters, you can start

School Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Crime - Case Study Example Involvement in gangs, shootings, thefts and robberies etc. are common criminal acts. (Almond, 2008) One of the most practiced crimes in school shooting with handguns. This act is done mostly by the people who are mentally disabled, expelled students or a faculty who have been kicked out of school for certain reason or people who hold a grudge against other students. The profound reason behind these incidents is vengeance and it is occasionally found that the perpetrator (shooter) is killed in the incident. There are lots of cases that can be used to discuss the issue regarding crimes in schools. (Almond, 2008) The shootings Virginia Tech School on April 16, 2007 where the death toll was about 33 civilians is one of these incidents. A mentally retarded student got hold of guns and shot people that crossed his path. Many of the victims were students that were shot dead in their dorms and class rooms. There were two separate shooting attacks in campus at Blacksburg. The first attack took place in dormitory were two students were shot dead and after that another attack took place in a classroom building across campus which killed another 31 students. The witnesses who were in campus describe the horrific scenes where the students were lined up against the wall and were shot one by one. (Almond, 2008) These types of incidents leave a question mark on the American society, the law makers as well as the school environments. If these type of incidents can take place in developed countries then what about the underdeveloped countries In this incident, a quick action by the administration would have prevented the second attack but due to lack of communication and prompt reaction, massive killings occurred. (Sommer, 1984) If these type of situation remains in schools then what would be the future of the Youth. Would a student studying in a school become a scholar or a terrorist This incident imitated wide interest from the media and the hype left the policy makers revise their policies and led to gun control measures. Researches have shown that these crimes are also due to various other factors that include the environment of school, availability of weapons in the state, peer pressure among a certain age group and discrimination by the society in which an individual is living. Addressing these types of issues can also be fruitful for the society and can lead to favorable outcomes among schools. (Sommer, 1984) Another example of school crime is the shooting in Northern Illinois School which led to 6 casualties. The shooting occurred in the lecture hall of the school at around 3 pm when a person dressed in black emerged suddenly into lecture hall and opened fire. The administration identified that the shooter as a former graduate student in sociology who was enrolled in 2007 but then left. The administration of the school was put on alert immediately and the students were informed by emails, text msgs, alarms, media, and voicemail about the incident. (Rubel, 1981) These types of incidents can lead to very huge type of problem. The schools have to take some serious actions against this type of incident. To tackle these types of incidents the weapons systems should be used in campuses and metal detectors should be used to avoid these types of horrible incidents. Every student coming in campus should be

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment - Essay Example ecode the word, meaning cannot be extracted, when the child cannot decode fluently and automatically, reading is slow and laborious and memory for read material is poor, when the child cannot decode and it taught to rely on â€Å"context cues† or to â€Å"guess† at words, comprehension is compromised (2008 para.2). Reading comprehension problem contributes to an underlying issue of inferential thinking or language comprehension problem. People with non-verbal or right hemisphere disorder are usually brilliant decoders. In this case, people do not have problem in remembering the precise details of read material. Such students do well in early educational period but they face difficulty with the increasing need of reading comprehension. Problems in notes taking during lectures arise due to the fact that there lay a complex comprehension difficulty and inferential thinking. Physiological and psychological impairment can also cause difficulties in comprehension. Reading comprehension is associated with tracking and scanning problems of vision. Psycho educational evaluation should be executed to identify and root out the issue (Kay, 2008 para.3, 4, 6). Joining a gang is a matter of honor and desire among teens today. Some gangs are family based while some are mercenary. Both kinds of gangs have different motivations and attractions for teens. So are the reasons of joining them. According to Wiener (1999) joining a gang is not always the choice of people gangs recruit and initiate the membership process. They protect and formulate the gang structure for their special needs. Twenty seven percent of the youth survey resulted in the result of ‘recruited’ into the current group of friends. They join gang by result of combined approaches push and pull (p.60). †¦The pull—or that which attracts the person to join—often involves four primary attractions: the lure of money, the sense of family, the assurance of protection, and the enticement of family. Of course, these

Comparison the methods of the back up in ( Macintosh Apple and Windows Literature review

Comparison the methods of the back up in ( Macintosh Apple and Windows ) - Literature review Example In any computer system, one of the most important aspects is to maintain effective backup. In computer, any kind of threats can damage the important files and valuable resources. Internal factors such as power fluctuations, faults in hard drive and system conflicts among other aspects can endanger the data. Moreover, several external factors such as fire outrage, flood or earthquake can also threaten the valuable data. In traditional times, people usually maintained data on paper and thus, they were only concerned about external threats. Besides, most people also did not make copy of every record, thus the loss was devastating. However, in present days, the data is recorded in a digital format, making it vulnerable to both internal as well as external threats. Nevertheless, the digital information has allowed for simple procedure of data back up in multiple places by using different applications1. According to Vesperman (2002), information in computer is stored in hard disk. Hard disk has moving components and the data in hard disk can wear out sooner or later. Thus, there is a need for maintaining copy of data in other places2. Backup is regarded as the representative copy of data. This copy comprises vital parts of system such as control files and data files. When the original data is lost or corrupted by any external or internal factors, the backup file is used to restore the physical files. In any catastrophic incident, database backup is considered as the prime method to successfully recuperate the data. Furthermore, restoring and recovering data from backup files can be operationally beneficial3. There are a variety of media that can be used for backup such as CDs, DVDs and removable disks among others. The backup media arrives with software which requests for the data users desire to backup. According to Ruggiero & Heckathorn (2012), disk based storage system provides quick backup and restore

Building survey report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Building survey report - Essay Example This building survey and report has been prepared on behalf of the IKON Gallery paying every attention to the requirements and includes terms of engagement. It is a general report that has been done covering the external conditions of the IKON Gallery. The objective of this report is to provide a general survey of the condition of the IKON Gallery specifically on its exterior components and this will enable the client to make preparations on how they will maintain these exterior components in future. During the preparation of this report, there was no removal of structures so that there could be a detailed examination of the structure, there were no specialists that were employed but necessary recommendations were provided, and all the services that will be offered by the gallery were examined to satisfaction. Survey was based on what could be observed from ground level, ladders and from roofs where accessible. This restricted the survey to external features of the IKON Gallery. Located in the heart of Birmingham’s Brindley site development, Ikon Gallery is currently an internationally celebrated modern art venue offering a full range of services and facilities to both the nearby community and broader world. The building was constructed in 1877, and its designers were Martin and Chamberlain, who were Birmingham’s premier Victorian architects. The building was previously a school then converted into the new home for the IKON Gallery, which was put as an essential part of the Brindley Place Master plan, and was later opened to be used by the public in 1998. Through this building report, the client will be able to know the recommendations that have been made concerning the external conditions of the IKON Gallery and the cost of the repairs that will have to be expected to be used. The client will be aware of the financial condition that they will need to maintain the building. The survey

Case study of Tata cross culture marketing analysis Essay

Case study of Tata cross culture marketing analysis - Essay Example In India, over 11 million vehicles are manufactured annually and exports reach about 1.5 million units each year. The big chunk of the automobile industry is two wheelers with a market share of over 75% (Imagin, 2011). In this respect, Ratan Tata decided to manufacture a car at a price of motorbike so people can get around with convenience and achieve major milestone in the Indian and global automobile industry. Several engineering changes were made in order to keep the cost of car model below $ 2500. At the beginning, the manufacturing process was carried out in Sigur and then moved to Sanand Gujarat because of the suppliers’ proximity. This low cost car that is Nano was launched in March, 2009 at Parsi Gymkhana Mumbai (Tata Motors, 2010). The outlook and interior of Tata Nano is quite impressive, it is tall and narrow, respectively convenient for drivers and back sitters. It has four big windows that allow fresh air and light. Its body is designed with much inner room and sp ace (Chhangani, 2009). Tata Nano is simple and functional; it has good inner volume to adjust passengers on the long routes. There are rumors in the market that Nano is made up of the plastic body, and its motor is powered by hamster in the wheel, all such rumors are just rumors, in-fact Tata Nano is simple car but with tough body design and structure. ... After launching Tata Nano in India, future intentions were to enter in the global low cost car market. China and Russia was very lucrative markets for such low cost car category, but the challenges were distinctively there in Europe and North America. It was all because of the emission rules and standards which kept Nano on the back side of the European region (Hollensen, 2011). By understanding Tata Nano’s Case in India, this study will highlight the importance of Tata Nano market in other emerging markets (China and Japan), its need in the European markets and the competitive advantages that Tata Nano sustain in present markets (Hollensen, 2011). Main Reasons for Tata Nano to enter in Global Low-cost Car Market Affordability in Emerging Markets People living in the emerging markets (India, China) prefer motorbikes more than cars, because of the affordability factor. Tata Nano was designed by keeping this factor on priority; as it was all about hitting the world’s chea pest cars category, â€Å"The Ultra-Low Cost Category†. Meanwhile, Tata Motors had the opportunity on the native Indian soil, which made it possible to manufacture such ultra-low cost car â€Å"Tata Nano† (Hollensen, 2011). This brought one reason for Tata Motors to intrude the emerging markets besides India (Hollensen, 2011). Environmental Friendly In developed markets such as North America and Europe, there are strict government regulations for environment protection. People are more conscious on environment friendliness of transportation. Hence, cars, which are lighter and smaller consume less fuel and spread less pollution are preferred as compared to the large ones

Development of Academic and Vocational Curricula Essay

Development of Academic and Vocational Curricula - Essay Example Basically the outcome of the condition or in other words the end results of the subject’s views on an issue or a particular subject should be treated with fairness or egalitarianism so as to reduce or utmost get rid of the differences between the people or the society that has issues to tackle. This is often referred to as equality of outcome (Equality of outcome). This is achievable if the societies at large join in hands in promoting equality of outcome so as to give a chance to any individual, subject, idea, notion e.t.c that has any point of observation to make on a particular subject. In regard to this subject it seems that there have been milestones in tackling the issue of review and development of academic and vocational curricula at the level 14 – 19 due to differences in calibre, stand, position and ranks of the education. Hence this has led to disarray in the education arena since the indifferences that have cropped up is visibly demonstrated between the various groups on this issue regarding whether the review is feasible or not. Definitely it is explicitly visible that equality of status is looming on this review and development of academic and vocational curricula of 14 – 19 level, since indifference has cropped up hence the debate is still an issue to tackle with a lot of keenness due to the challenge of chronological antagonism on vocational education compared to academic education in terms of its qualification status. There are also sharp and unresolved indifferences between the ministers or government’s spear leaders and the scho ol specialist bodies in education and personalities such as Mr. Tomlinson’s inquiry and Chief Inspector David Bell among others on this education development and reforms issues of 14 – 19 level. Â  

Case study of Tata cross culture marketing analysis Essay

Case study of Tata cross culture marketing analysis - Essay Example In India, over 11 million vehicles are manufactured annually and exports reach about 1.5 million units each year. The big chunk of the automobile industry is two wheelers with a market share of over 75% (Imagin, 2011). In this respect, Ratan Tata decided to manufacture a car at a price of motorbike so people can get around with convenience and achieve major milestone in the Indian and global automobile industry. Several engineering changes were made in order to keep the cost of car model below $ 2500. At the beginning, the manufacturing process was carried out in Sigur and then moved to Sanand Gujarat because of the suppliers’ proximity. This low cost car that is Nano was launched in March, 2009 at Parsi Gymkhana Mumbai (Tata Motors, 2010). The outlook and interior of Tata Nano is quite impressive, it is tall and narrow, respectively convenient for drivers and back sitters. It has four big windows that allow fresh air and light. Its body is designed with much inner room and sp ace (Chhangani, 2009). Tata Nano is simple and functional; it has good inner volume to adjust passengers on the long routes. There are rumors in the market that Nano is made up of the plastic body, and its motor is powered by hamster in the wheel, all such rumors are just rumors, in-fact Tata Nano is simple car but with tough body design and structure. ... After launching Tata Nano in India, future intentions were to enter in the global low cost car market. China and Russia was very lucrative markets for such low cost car category, but the challenges were distinctively there in Europe and North America. It was all because of the emission rules and standards which kept Nano on the back side of the European region (Hollensen, 2011). By understanding Tata Nano’s Case in India, this study will highlight the importance of Tata Nano market in other emerging markets (China and Japan), its need in the European markets and the competitive advantages that Tata Nano sustain in present markets (Hollensen, 2011). Main Reasons for Tata Nano to enter in Global Low-cost Car Market Affordability in Emerging Markets People living in the emerging markets (India, China) prefer motorbikes more than cars, because of the affordability factor. Tata Nano was designed by keeping this factor on priority; as it was all about hitting the world’s chea pest cars category, â€Å"The Ultra-Low Cost Category†. Meanwhile, Tata Motors had the opportunity on the native Indian soil, which made it possible to manufacture such ultra-low cost car â€Å"Tata Nano† (Hollensen, 2011). This brought one reason for Tata Motors to intrude the emerging markets besides India (Hollensen, 2011). Environmental Friendly In developed markets such as North America and Europe, there are strict government regulations for environment protection. People are more conscious on environment friendliness of transportation. Hence, cars, which are lighter and smaller consume less fuel and spread less pollution are preferred as compared to the large ones

A Critique of the Western Notions of Progress from an Anthropological Essay

A Critique of the Western Notions of Progress from an Anthropological Perspective - Essay Example Western nations had colonized vast areas of the globe and had begun to exploit their resources in a systematic fashion. Old subsistence level work in agriculture was replaced by labor saving machinery, and mass production of all kinds of consumer goods. Goods became cheaper, and life, for those in the West at least, was made easier. This point of view treated all of the earth’s problems as matters which could be solved by mankind’s ingenuity. In recent years this notion that humans are moving in a positive direction, improving their lives as they move from caveman status, to hunter gathering, to farming and now to industrialization has been challenged. Jared Diamond (1994) reports these notions are widely assumed to be true but not proven. The theory that agriculture creates food surpluses, which allow people more leisure time, and thus the space to create cultural advances is just a theory, for example, and there are other possible interpretations of human history over the long term. Diamond cites the work of anthropologists with modern hunter-gatherer tribes as evidence that this lifestyle is precisely not inferior to the agricultural lifestyle: â€Å"these people (= Kalahari bushmen) †¦ have plenty of leisure time, sleep a good deal, and work less hard than their farming neihbors† (Diamond: 1994, 106)

Ancient Chinese Inventions

Ancient Chinese Inventions Ancient Chinese Inventions Early Chinese civilization invented numerous basic and vital necessities that are presently used around the world. Some of the most valuable ancient Chinese inventions include but are not limited to the following: silk, printing, paper, mathematics, Seismograph, the compass, gunpowder, bamboo and medicine (About.com, 2012). It is wildly accepted that the four greatest inventions or contributions to the world were: the compass, the discovery of gun powder, papermaking and printing. One of the Chinese culture’s first inventions was paper. During the 2nd century the earliest form of paper was made from hemp fibers. Even before the end of the ancient times, the Chinese had already acquired a level of expertise with papermaking. During the Qin (221-206 BC) and Western Han (206 BC -220 AD) dynasties, the art of making floss (rough silk) from inferior cocoon was greatly utilized. The basic process of making the floss (named Piao Xu) included continuous â€Å"thrashes† and â€Å"stamp crushing† (which involved a mill for crushing). Afterwards, the same procedure was used in papermaking. During ancient times, Chinese people used limewater or plant ash water to separate raw silk from the gum component. This system paved the way for future papermaking, which utilizes degumming vegetable fiber in the papermaking process (ChinaCulture.org, 2012). During the Eastern Han dynasty, approximately 104 AD, a â€Å"eunuch† of the Imperial Court named Cai Lun invented a new type of paper. He took bamboo fibers and the inner bark of a mulberry tree, added water to these and pounded them using a wooden tool. Once pounded thoroughly, he poured the mixture over a flat woven cloth allowing the water to drain out. When the mixture dried, only the fibers remained. Cai Lun then realized that the material he made had a good writing surface and was lightweight. It was also easy to make. Cai Lun also used other materials when making paper. Materials such as remnants or hemp, tree barks, fishnets and linen rags were also used. In 105 AD, Cai Lun went to He Di, the emperor of China at that time and presented his invention. Once the emperor viewed the paper, it was then officially invented (Totallyhistory.com, 2012). Cai Lun paved the way for China to develop literacy more rapidly than the West. Even though paper had been made by Han for ove r 200 years, Cai Lun improved the techniques to make it and the quality. The process of making paper has been simplified by advanced technologies, but the process of making paper remains fairly the same-softened plant fibers, suspended in water, is formed in moulds into thin sheets, pressed, drained, and then dried (Sayre, 2011). Ancient historic records show that the Chinese had many natural remedies which included natural herbs and acupuncture. The foundation of Chinese medicine was thought to have occurred more than 2000 years ago. Much of ancient medical knowledge comes from the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), which produced a guide that is even utilized today. The guide was called â€Å"The Treatise on Diseases Caused by Cold Factors† by Chang Chung Ching. It is regarded as perhaps the best Chinese medical work of the Materia Medica, compiled in the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD) by Li Shih Chen. This comprehensive journal paved the way for further advances in the world history of medicine. It includes 1,892 descriptions of different types of medicines and has been translated into several foreign languages. It has also been useful in East Asian and European countries (Thinkquest.org, 1998). Ancient Chinese felt the purpose in making medicine was to create an â€Å"elixir of life†; to make emperors immortal and help them live forever. In their quest to make the elixir, they instead, made numerous medicines and remedies. The Chinese got the idea to develop an elixir from Tao Ch’ien, a poet and philosopher. Tao Ch’ien believed that if the Chinese discovered a method of turning metal into gold, which last forever, then they could at the same time, find the elixir of life. This belief encouraged doctors and pharmacologists to begin searching for a method of making metal into gold. They also tried to learn other ways of becoming immortal, and that led to the discovery of the elixir. After creations made, resulted in the healing of various ailments, there was even more determination to make the elixir. Tsou Yen, a pharmacologist, formed of how he thought diseases were caused. His belief was that there were two spirit-like forces, called the Yin and Yang, w hich flowed throughout the body. He thought diseases were caused when either Yin or Yang were out of balance. This concept is still used today in medicine (About.com, 2012). Gunpowder was the next profound creation by ancient Chinese. Ancient Chinese alchemists spent centuries trying to develop an elixir for immortality and the use of saltpeter (potassium nitrate) was an ingredient in many of the failed elixirs. Around 850 AD, during the Tang Dynasty, an alchemist mixed â€Å"75 parts saltpeter with 15 parts charcoal and 10 parts sulfur†. The mixture failed as an elixir but was explosive when it was exposed to an open flame. The impact was severe enough to cause â€Å"smoke and flames†, which resulted in the hands and face of the alchemist being burnt. The Chinese proceeded to use the gunpowder for fireworks (About.com, 2012). It was also used by the Song dynasty’ (904 AD) armed forces against their enemy, the Mongols (About.com, 2012). Their weapons included â€Å"flying fire†, an arrow with a burning tube of gunpowder attached to the shaft. Flying fire arrows were like miniature rockets, propelled at the enemy, producing fear. Other Song dynasty uses of gunpowder included hand grenades, poisonous gas shells, flame throwers and land mines. Initially, artillery pieces were rocket tubes made from hollow bamboo shoots, but were redesigned to cast metal. McGill University professor Robin Yates, notes the world’s first image of a cannon comes from Song China, in an illustration from around 1127 AD (About.com 2012). Last but not least, and probably the most important, is the creation of print. During the Tang dynasty (618-906 AD) printing was inventing. It began as blocks of wood used to print fabric but was then used to copy Buddhist holy books. Later, scrolls and books were printed, initially via wood-block printing and by the 11th century, by portable printing. During the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD) affordable, printed books became widely available. As late as the Tang dynasty, block printing was limited in its use as the method for production of books. It was not until the time of the late Tang dynasty (923-936 AD), when the government sponsored the reproduction of the â€Å"Five Classics† via block printing, that all important books were block printed (Ross, 1982). The printing method advanced further during the Ch’ing-li period (1041-1048), with the invention of the movable type. However, during that time, the movable type faced constraints because the Chinese character ideograms were too strict. Consequently, thousands of characters were too difficult to mold. As technology advanced, the movable printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, allowed printing to move to other cultures. Gutenberg is credited with transforming society with mass printing, thus enabling the dispersal of information to many. â€Å"This print invention is regarded by many as the invention of the millennium (Ross Jr., 1982). And I personally feel as though it is the most important invention that I as well as the world could not live without. Through many centuries, ancient Chinese inventions have had profound effects on human culture†¦ some more useful than others. References About.com (Part of The New York Times Company). (2012). China’s Science and Technology. Retrieved from About.com website: http://crystalinks.com/chinascience.html China Culture. (2012). The Birth of Paper Making. Retrieved from ChinaCulture.org website: http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-06/28/content_70170.htm Oracle Think Quest. (1998). Destiny: The Culture of China. Retrieved from Thinkquest.org website: http://library.thinkquest.org/20443/g_medicine.html Ross, Jr., F. (1982). Ancient Chinese Science and Technology. Oracle Bones, Stars, and Wheelbarrows. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Sayre, H. M. (2011). The Humanities: Culture, Continuity and Change, Vol. 1. (Custom Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Szczepanski, K. (2012). Invention of Gunpowder. Retrieved from About.com website: http://asianhistory.about.com/od/asianinventions/a/InventGunpowder.htm Szczepanski, K. (2012). Invention of Paper. Retrieved from About.com website: http://asianhistory.about.com/od/chineseinventions/p/Invention-of-Paper.htm Totally History. (2012). The Invention of Paper. Retrieved from Totallyhistory.com website: http://totallyhistory.com/the-invention-of-paper/

The Pros and Cons of Abortion Essay -- Abortion Essays

The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial issues in today’s society. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical or not. According to a poll in 2013, fifty-four percent of the American public believes that the practice of abortion should be legal in all or most cases (â€Å"Public Opinion on Abortion†) Abortion has been defined as â€Å"the act of removing a human embryo or fetus from the uterus of a pregnant woman prior to the completion of the full term of pregnancy†(Rich, Wagner, and Geraldine). There are very strong opinions for and against this issue, but no one can deny the vast gray area of abortion. A person’s stance on the situation is often determined by how he views the fetus: a part of the mother’s body or as a human being. Abortion continues to be a moral issue because people have various views on the rights of the fetus and mo ther, the circumstances of the pregnancy, and their own religious convictions concerning the issue. In the most recent study, 1.21 million abortions took place in the United States in the year 2008 (â€Å"About Abortion†). According to a study performed by the Guttmacher Institue, twenty-one percent of all pregnancies in the United States end in abortions (â€Å"Induced Abortion†). Fifty percent of pregnancies in the United States are unplanned (â€Å"Induced Abortion†). Of those unplanned pregnancies, four out of ten result in abortions (â€Å"Induced Abortion†). When analyzing the statistics of women who receive abortions, one must become aware that outside circumstances might contribute to a woman’s decision to have an abortion. For instance, women who are one hundred percent below the federal poverty level ac... ...rtion Federation: History of Abortion. National Abortion Federation, n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. "Public Opinion on Abortion." Public Opinion on Abortion. Pew Research Center, July 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. Rich, Alex K. Wagner, Geraldine. "Abortion: An Overview." Points Of View: Abortion (2013): 1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. Rubio, Marco. "Why Abortion is Bad for America." Human Life Review Winter 2012 2012: 19-26. ProQuest Health Management. Web. Voegeli Jr., William J. â€Å"A Critique of the Pro-Choice Argument† Review of Politics Vol. 43, no. 4 (Oct., 1981) , Pp. 560-571 Published by: Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame Du Lac on Behalf of Review of Politics Stable Print. "World Abortion Laws 2009 Fact Sheet." Center for Reproductive Rights. Center for Reproductive Rights, 2013. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.

Volunteering for a Food Drive Essay -- Contribution to My Community Ser

Volunteering for a Food Drive "I'm hungry. Let's get something to eat before we go." It was around ten o'clock on a Saturday morning. Normally my parents might find me in bed or playing on the computer at this time, but I was dressed and grasping the doorknob in our kitchen on this particular morning. I felt a slight wave of hunger flow through my body, so I suggested to my mother that we have a light mid-morning snack to tide us over before lunch. I searched through a cupboard and found some crackers to take with us. It was going to be a hard day, and although I knew the people at the church would probably bring snacks and refreshments for us, I wanted to be sure that I had a full stomach on which to work. I wouldn't realize the true meaning of hunger, however, until my day of work on the postal workers' food drive was done. My mother helped out at various times throughout the year at volunteer events in the community. When I was born, she passed a few of her traits to me, and I, too, became interested in volunteering. I spent a day each summer going down to my grandmother's church and helping out with a summer fair by selling items and collecting money for the church. As Mom started to talk about the postal worker's food drive for the local food cupboard, I was anxious to help out in my own community. The idea fascinated me, helping out my neighbors by collecting and dispersing food to where it was needed. I knew I'd feel just like Robin Hood†¦taking from the rich and giving to the poor. In this case, though, all of the process was voluntary. My impression of hunger and starvation was limited in the past to the memorable television commercials for UNICEF and the children's funds around the world. I never realized that hunger might occur closer to home. I certainly never thought that anyone within my neighborhood or my town would be hungry. Mom drove us to where the food cupboard was located, at the Congregational church. As I entered in to the large meeting room downstairs at the church, I was met by around eight smiling residents of our town. A few of them were older ladies; a couple of them were middle-aged men. I would come to know them better as my visit elapsed at the church. I was unsure and a bit nervous at first. I hadn't visited the church since my elementary grades during which I participated in a weeklong summer Bible school. I... ...t to help out my neighbors. But a part of me still housed despair. Most of this food would be used by the next food drive in about six months. I could only compare it to when I was a child, seeing an ambulance rush by my house; I wasn't sure whether to think that someone was hurt or that someone was helping. Now I wasn't sure if I should think of the suffering person or the people who helped by donating food. My hope was that the people needing help would find it partially because of my assistance. But I knew there would be some that, for some reason or another, declined to have the assistance. They were still suffering. By the end of the day, my view of hunger had completely changed. After my help, I sometimes wondered about the people who really needed food whenever I was grabbing a bite to eat. I sometimes worried about the people who were too afraid or too proud to seek help. And I sometimes thought about the time when I was the driver of the ambulance. From then on, I searched through the cupboards to find extra cans that we could donate during the food drives. And when it was ten in the morning and I needed something to eat, I reconsidered how hungry I really felt.

Athens in the Time of Pericles †Religion Death and Burial Essay

Pericles lived from 495-429 BC. During this time, religion was inextricably linked with Athenian society. It contributed to a lot of Athenian culture and the many aspects of religion were depicted through buildings, artworks, festivals and every day rituals. Gods and Goddesses In Greek mythology there were 12 main gods, that were prayed to and worshipped by the Athenians. It was said they lived on top of Mount Olympus. They resembled human form and through their stories of love, war and passion they were also viewed to have human feelings. The Greeks believed that the gods were immortal. The gods were associated with three main domains, Heaven, sea and earth. The 12 gods were: God/Goddess name Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Demeter Hephaestus Hera (Queen of heaven and wife of Zeus) Hermes (Messenger of the Gods) Hestia Poseidon Zeus (Lord of the Gods, Spiritual father of the Gods and the people) Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Earth Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Sea Heaven Domain Specialty Love, romance and beauty Sun, light, medicine, poetry and music War Hunting, the forest, wildlife, childbirth and the moon Agriculture Fire Marriage and magic Business Home and Homelife The sea, horses and earthquakes The sky. Dio Crysostomos (97 A.D) declared the image of Zeus so powerful that, â€Å"If a man, with a heavy heart from grief and sorrow in life, will stand in front of the statue, he will forget all these.† Athena (Patron goddess of Athens and daughter of Zeus) Heaven War, wisdom and crafts. Evidence of Athena being the patron goddess is the Athenian silver tetradrachm from 454-404 BC. Like on the coin, she’s generally depicted wearing a helmet and shown with an owl or olive tree as they were sacred to her. According to mythology, she gifted the olive tree to the city of Athens. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Attica. Athens, c. 454-404 BC. Silver â€Å"old-style† tetradrachm. Head of Athena right, wearing crested helmet ornamented with olive leaves / Owl standing right, olive sprig and crescent moon behind. Apart from the main 12 gods and goddesses there were many others that were just as popular and worshipped just as much, for example, Dionysus. There is much evidence of the belief in these gods such as paintings, artworks and inscriptions, for example, a vase that has been dated back to 470-460 BC which depicts Zeus. Amphora, 470-460 B.C. This vase depicts Zeus aiming a lightening bolt at a giant with an eagle perched on his hand. Beliefs, practices and organisations Religion was a fundamental aspect of Greek life and the Athenian people incorporated it into their everyday lives as they believed their lives were dependent on the gods. It was believed that gods could interfere in the lives of men, so prayer was used by the people, so the gods would take favour and act kindly towards them. Xenophon said â€Å"The gods know everything and they give forewarnings to anyone they choose through sacriï ¬ ces, omens, voices and dreams.† The Athenians used sacriï ¬ ces, temples and prayers to honor particular gods and goddesses. They believed in the three ‘Fates,’ Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was the youngest, she spun the thread of destiny with a distaff and determined the time of birth of an individual. Lachesis measured the thread length to determine the length of life and Atropos cut the thread of life, determining the time of death. Worship of the gods consisted of rituals and ceremonies. The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange; Gods and goddesses were expected to answer prayers and humans were expected to give gifts and sacriï ¬ ces. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Evidence of the sacriï ¬ ces made by the Athenians came from Lysias (around 400 BC) who stated, â€Å"By performing the proper sacriï ¬ ces, our ancestors left our city the most powerful and prosperous in Greece. It is therefore right that we offer the same sacriï ¬ ces as they did, if only for the sake of the good fortune which has resulted.† Sacriï ¬ ces were the central ritual act performed by Athenians. Animals sacriï ¬ ced had to be willing, therefore they would sprinkle water on it so it’ll lift it’s head and ‘nod’. The richer families gave a blood sacriï ¬ ce almost everyday, however the poor couldn’t afford it. Treasuries were built at Olympia and Delphi to store generous offerings. Evidence of this is part of a female face with inlaid eyes which has been dated back to 4th cent. BC. Ancient Greek Votive offering, 4th cent. BC, set in a niche of a pillar in the sanctuary of Asclepios in Athens Athenian religion was characterised by a diversity of cults. People joined cults because they wanted a closer connection with one particular god. Although everyone believed and worshipped all 12 Olympian gods there were cults to speciï ¬ c gods, especially those not apart of the Pantheon. Evidence of the cults was the Votive plaque which dates back to the mid-4th Century BC and depicts elements of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was a cult which celebrated Demeter and Persephone. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Votive plaque, discovered in the sanctuary at Eleusis (mid-4th century BC) Private worship included family prayers and wine offerings. In the home, there were household shrines and many people offered daily libations to different gods. Private rituals included prayers, meals and storytelling. This god would be chosen depending on the families needs and lifestyle. E.g. Demeter, if they were a agricultural/farming family. They would pay this god special honor but made sure they didn’t exclude any of the others. Worship of the gods also took place publicly. Public meetings opened with recognition of the gods, festivals were dedicated to the gods as were temples, statues and artworks and many sacriï ¬ ces made to the gods were a public event. Mockery of the gods wasn’t regarded as blasphemy and was accepted in athenian life. Evidence of this is Aristophanes play, The Frogs, which depicts Dionysus as cowardly, gluttonous and morally depraved, was acted at Athens at the Lenaean festival (B.C. 405). Temples and Sanctuaries The Acropolis is the oldest part of Athens, it’s the sacred hill and during the reign of Pericles it became the place of the most famous Athenian temples, shrines and statues dedicated to the Gods. Pericles’ building program further evidences the Athenian’s devotion to the gods in all aspects of daily life. Pericles built many temples in honour of the various gods and goddesses, particularly to Athena, to thank her for Athens’ success in the Persian wars. The Parthenon was a temple built on the Acropolis in 448-432 BC. It was built in dedication to Athena for the salvation of Athens and Greece in the Persian wars. It was also used as a treasury. A statue of Athena was built, by Phidias, inside which stood 10 meters tall, made of ivory and gold. A big part of the Parthenon is the Panathenaic Frieze, which was made to depict the Panathenaic festival. Metopes were sculpted into the Parthenon. On the east side the struggle between the gods and the giants was depicted, on the west side was an Amazonomachy, on the south side the battle between the lapiths and the centaurs was shown and depicted on the north side was the Trojan War. There were also many pedimental sculptures which depicted images such as the contest between Poseidon and Athena. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time South Metope 31, Lapith and Centaur, 447-432 B.C. The Erechtheum is a temple on the northern side of the Acropolis and was dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. It was built between 421 and 407 BC and was designed to accommodate the Plynteria and the Panathenaia. Within the temple lived the sacred snake, which represented a spirit who was thought to keep the city safe. The snake was fed honey-cakes by the priestesses of Athena Polias. The snake’s occasional refusal to eat the cakes was seen as a bad omen. Festivals The Panathenaia is a festival held annually and is the most important as it was dedicated to Athena. It’s held on the 28th day of Hekatombaion which is believed to be Athena’s birthday. Every four years the festival would be extended with many games and a contests being held, this was known as the Greater Panathenaia, whilst the festival held every other year was known as the lesser Panathenaia. The festival holds great religious signiï ¬ cance however it was used to implement the power and political supremacy of Athens. A large part was the Panathenaic games included solo and group contests. The games began with individual activities such as wrestling, horse drawn chariot races and the pentathlon. The individual contests were open for all greek citizens however the group contests were reserved for Athenian citizens. The group contests consisted of a beauty contest between athletes, military dances and a mock combat. Participants from all over Greece were also invited to participate in musical and poetry competitions. A torch race took place in the evening and was then followed by a night of dancing and singing. Evidence of these competitions was the Panathenaic amphoras, which were given to the winners of competitions as a prize. Panathenaic Amphora, depicting foot races at the games, 530 B.C. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Amphora, depicting a musician performing with a music instrument used in festivals, 490 B.C. The next day held one of the most important aspects of the festival which was the Panathenaic procession. During this procession a peplos was given as a gift to Athena. A new one was woven and decorated for her every year. It was an honor to be chosen as one of the Ergastinai to make the peplos. Many offerings were brought on to the life size statue of Athena at the end of the procession. Only citizens were allowed to the Acropolis, everyone else remained at the gateway. The Hecatomb was made at the Acropolis. Upon the altar of Athena meat from sacriï ¬ ced animals such as cows and sheep was used in a ritual meal to end the festival, however only certain people were invited to this. Evidence of the Panathenaia and the procession is the Parthenon frieze depicts many aspects of the festival such as the procession and the games.

Competitive Strategic Management a Case Study of Virgin Atlantics Essay

Introduction: Today, competition in international markets has become severe and in order to sustain relevant position, organizations need to assume competitive strategies so that they can gain competitive advantages. (Rao, pp.185, 2011) The dynamic condition of markets has made it complicated for the organizations to achieve higher level of success without using experts’ promulgated models and literatures. (Flouris, Oswald, pp.19, 2006) Hence, researches have made it simple for the organizations to compete at broader level yet these researches merely gives way to these organizations and they need to develop the strategic plans on their own. Different companies adopt different kind of competitive strategies in order to get higher position in competitive market and for this purpose, it used to perform different activities than the competing firms. (Daft, pp.65, 2009)Virgin Airlines is one of the organizations who have assumed authentic strategies in order to satisfy customer’s need and ultimately got exceptional position. This paper is basically an analysis of the competitive strategy of Virgin Atlantics which it has used in order to gain competitive advantage. The first section analyzes the competitive strategy of Virgin Atlantics, second part deals with advantages and limitations and third part give certain recommendations to Virgin Atlantics in order to better its services. Competitive strategy of Virgin Atlantics: Porter has identified four different strategic options which an organization can use in order to gain competitive advantage keeping the contemporary internal and external environment under consideration. (Griffin, pp.244, 2010) Differentiation strategy is one of those competitive strategies promulgated by Porters In his Generic Strategic model. (Eldring, pp.6, 2009)Virgin Atlantic has based its strategic plan keeping differentiation strategy under consideration. However, if its strategy is scrutinized, it indicates that this strategy has been developed after doing thorough internal and external analysis. As far as internal analysis is concerned, this analysis demonstrates strengths and weaknesses of the organizations and for this purpose, different models like SWOT analysis can be utilized since it allows the organizations to analyze strengths and weaknesses of the organization. (Dibb, Simkin, pp.28, 2008) Virgin Atlantic has also based its strategy keeping internal analysis under consideration since its analysis demonstrate how internal analysis aids in having differentiation portfolio and potential customers. (Strauss, pp.106, 2010) The basic strength of Virgin Atlantic is the financial affiliation which it has with Singapore airline. (Reynolds, Lancaste, 2012) However, its financial information is not disclosed publicly yet it can be found out that the service has been differentiated by the company through identifying the core strengths and cost effectiveness is one of them. As far as weaknesses are concerned, Virgin Atlantic is though providing exceptional services to its customers yet for customers, it is costly. A normal customer cannot have first class or premium class service with this Airline. However, the solution has been provided in the form of three different classes and the average customers can utilize economy class for traveling to different destinations. Similarly, the external analysis has been done through doing market analysis, customer analysis, industry analysis and above all competitive analysis in order to gain competitive advantages. For this purpose, usually PESTEL analysis is done which identifies political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects of the provided services. (Henry, pp.51, 2008) Virgin Atlantic also does PESTEL analysis at macro level in order to gain complete competitive advantage through identifying all essential factors and after doing this analysis, it has developed its differentiation strategy for international market. Porter’s differentiation strategy can be observed from all the perspectives including packages, offers, services etc. For example, it has been offering services for more than 30 different destinations with 43 outstanding aircrafts including airbuses, Boeings and aircrafts. Similarly, this airline has bases in Manchester and London’s Heathrow and Gatwick airports and offers services for thirty different destinations including Dubai, Mauritius, Delhi, Sydney and Cape Town, the tourist favorite areas. Moreover, normally airlines offer business and economy class but Virgin Atlantic has three different classes including upper, premium economy and economy classes. In addition, it has infused differentiation strategy through providing Virgin Atlantic Cargo and Holiday services which offers instant and urgent shipments to different destinations of the world. Similarly, different travel packages with outclass offers have also been facilitated to customers in order to gain competitive advantages through dissimilar features. All these examples indicate how differentiation strategy of Porter’s Generic model aids an organization to gain benefits but for this purpose, organizations usually charge premium prices as well. Virgin Atlantic is also costly from other airlines in the market but its unique services have made it ample popular that more than five million customers use its services worldwide and all of them are ready to pay high prices for premium services. The competitive strategy of Virgin Atlantics has been developed keeping the market trends and contemporary needs of the customers under consideration and not only unique and different facilities have been provided but also basic requirements have been fulfilled. Hence, the competitive strategy of Virgin Atlantics has made it successful and preferable for the customers among all large air service providers. For using differentiation competitive strategy, this organization has been cherishing exceptional advantages and some of them are as followed: Advantages: If the analysis of advantages for using differentiations competitive strategy is scrutinized from the perspective of The Strategy Clock, it would appear that the organizations, who utilize this competitive strategy, gain high benefits investing low amount. Source: (Johnson, pp.243, 2008) This thing can be seen from the example of Virgin Atlantics since it has been using different sources to differentiate its services from others in order to gain competitive advantage and hence, achieved high profit in low amount as well. In current markets, the first advantage which Virgin Atlantics has been cherishing is the distinctive position due to providing unique services. Differentiation strategy allows Virgin Atlantics to have distinctive market position that makes it different from other competitors in the market and compels customers to prefer it on other competitors in the market providing similar service. (Thompson, Martin, pp.191, 2010) Second advantage of using this strategy is that it enables Virgin Atlantics to have sustainability in current market environment through gaining competitive advantage. For example, through providing unique services with exceptional features like multi-destination services, entertainment and customer care, shipping service, holiday packages, Virgin Atlantics invested little amount as compared to others but gained double benefits which enables it to have remarkable position in the market. The third major benefit of this differentiation strategy is flexibility which the organization provides. (Doise, pp.82, 2008) Virgin Atlantics also provides ample flexibility to customers in order to allow them to choose from multiple options. For instance, the customer can choose travel class from offered three classes according to his requirements. Suppose if customer has normal budget, he can select economy class whereas if he wants luxurious travel, he can select upper class. Flexibility is offered in packages and customers can choose relevant holiday packages of Virgin Holidays as well. Hence, this thing also proved ample lucrative for the company to achieve competitive advantage in contemporary markets and its environments. Limitations: In current dynamic business environment, using differentiation strategy is though beneficial but only to some extent since there are certain limitations cling to this competitive strategy, some of them are as followed: †¢It is very difficult to sustain elements of differentiation in current business environment since there are potential competitors in the market who try to assume better strategy in order to compete with Virgin Atlantics. These competitors might offer better services and add-ons that might affect core strategy of Virgin Atlantics †¢Changing services and making it unique is often costly. Though core strategy never costs high but sustainability of differentiations strategy usually costs high because the organizations have to spend a major amount in competing with opponents which ultimately compel the organizations to invest more and more for sustaining its position. (Sornarajah, pp.173, 2010) Virgin Atlantics has also faces this situation and spent a large amount on routes and aircrafts in order to differentiate its services from others. †¢Third limitation is the difficult which Virgin Atlantics has confronted in order to achieve differentiation. Since the current market is highly competitive and every organization has been trying to find out the best sources for gaining customer loyalty, this thing has made it ample complicated for the organizations to differentiate their services from others. Hence, differentiation competitive strategy is ample lucrative but these limitations makes it difficult for the organizations to sustain this strategy. However, in order to cope with these dynamic situations, different steps can be taken and the next part of the paper will promulgate all key steps which can augment profitability ratio. Recommendations: Virgin Atlantics can sustain its contemporary position in international markets taking different steps and for this purpose, it has to do analysis time and again in order to assess whether the implemented competitive strategy is compatible with current business environment or not. Following are some recommendations which can be used by Virgin Atlantics for sustaining its current position. Constant analysis: Virgin Atlantics should do constant internal and external analysis and amend the strategy or develop change management strategy according to the market requirements so that it can gain competitive advantages and beat its potential competitors. Additionally, these analyses would also enable the company to assess strengths and weaknesses of the company itself and through overpowering these shortcomings; it can develop its competitive strategic plan. Hybrid strategy: Though differentiation strategy is ample lucrative for providing sophisticated services and gaining customer loyalty yet it cannot be determined easily. Moreover, it might give high market share but market growth is possible only if this strategy is amalgamated with some additional strategy. This strategy can be cost-leadership strategy or focus strategy. Through focusing on differentiation strategy, Virgin Atlantics can obtain not only high market share but also market growth as well. as far as cost leadership strategy is concerned, it can be amalgamated with differentiation strategy in order to double the profit ratio since different researchers have provided combined competitive strategies as the solution of dynamic situation. (Marti, pp.100, 2007) Nevertheless, this hybrid strategy might also affect in a negative way. Competitive prices: Customers usually prefer exceptional services in affordable prices. So, Virgin Atlantics can gain advantages from cheap prices as well. Through providing low cost fleets to different customers, other then the facilitated, this organization could double its profit. However, the budget can be maintained through minimizing provided services during the flights. This thing would enable this organization to have market growth with low price strategy as well. Value added services: Value added services are often referred to as secondary services which are used for attracting customers and sustaining their loyalty with organization (Thurau and Hansen, p.112, 2000) No one can deny the significance of Value added services and marketing and this is the reason why it has remained inseparable part of every marketing plan and differentiation strategy. (Singh, pp.22, 2012) Virgin Atlantics can also gain competitive advantages via value added marketing and for this purpose; it can facilitate its customers with value holiday packages, discounted tickets and packages, lottery system and so on. These techniques would also attract a lot of customers and augment profitability and market share of the company as well. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be stated that this organization has been cherishing top positions on international level only because of using differentiation strategy and for this purpose, it has also invested capital through having partnership with Singapore airline. All its services including multiple destinations, holiday services, cargo services and in-flight entertainment, demonstrate its successful usage of differentiation strategy. However, Virgin Atlantics should also keep the advantages and limitations of using this strategy since there are certain times when this strategy needs slight amendments or changes in order to deal with contemporary circumstances. Virgin Atlantics can use different change management strategies in order to cope with limitations of this competitive strategy. In addition, this organization can also double its profit through taking different steps including value added marketing, competitive pricing and hybrid strategic development. These add-ons can maximize its profitability as well as worldwide recognitions and ultimately it would be able to compete with potential organizations like Emirates and Gulf Air. References: Daft, R. L. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dibb, S., Lyndon S. (2008) Marketing Planning: A Workbook for Marketing Managers. London: South-Western Cengage Learning. Doise, M. L. (2008) An Integration of Corporate Culture and Strategy: The Interrelationships and Impact on Firm Performance. US: ProQuest. Eldring, J. (2009) Porter’s (1980) Generic Strategies, Performance and Risk an Empirical Investigation with German Data. Hamburg: Diplomica-Verl. Flouris, T. G.,Sharon L. O.(2006) Designing and Executing Strategy in Aviation Management. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Griffin, R. W. (2011) Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Henry, A. (2008) Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford: Oxford UP. Johnson. (2008)Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text & Cases, 7/E. Dehli: Pearson Education India. Lancaste, G., Reynolds, P. (2012)Marketing. NY: CRC. Marti, M. (2007)Complexity Management Optimizing Product Architecture of Industrial Products. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag. Rao, R. M. (2011)Services Marketing. Dehli: Pearson Education India. Singh, M. (2012)Building Customer Loyalty through Value Added Services: A Case of Telecom Sector. NY: GRIN Verlag. Sornarajah, M. (2012) The International Law on Foreign Investment. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Strauss, R. (2010)Marketing Planning by Design: Systematic Planning for Successful Marketing Strategy. London: John Wiley & Sons. Thompson, J. L., Frank M. (2010) Strategic Management: Awareness & Change. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. Thurau, T, Ursula H. (2000) Relationship Marketing: Gaining Competitive Advantage through Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention. Berlin: Springer.

Handwriting Analysis Essay

As the World’s Economy drops down, the need for jobs has rapidly increased over the years, but how do employers tell a hardworking potential from a lazy couch potato? In resumes anyone can write anything, so how do people tell the truth from a lie? In the world of businesses, the secret lies in the hands of the employees. Some employers decide to trust the resume as it is, while others choose another notion. A number of bosses have chosen to â€Å"read† their potential employees’ handwriting to understand their personality. The applicants perform a simple test. Then, people who are known as graphologists study the handwriting to uncover information about that certain person. Graphologists do not always just study a person’s handwriting. They study it and develop ways so that it is possible to uncover more information about the brain and its mysteries. Handwriting, is sometimes seen as a â€Å"blueprint to the brain† because it has been discovered to show one’s values and personality, which gives hope to the scientists around the world that the seclusive mass in the skull’s secrets can be unlocked and, maybe, be shared with the public. Handwriting analysis is an art that is used to figure out a person’s traits and characteristics. Nowadays, anyone can click on a website that shows all the rules and guidelines to become a handwriting analyzer. They then claimed that â€Å"anyone can understand their personality,† but analyzing does not mean understanding, it means discovering. So how can one understand their personality? There is always a beginning to start an end. In the history of handwriting analysis, it first started with the Emperor Nero. As everyone knows, he was paranoid and a tyrant. He had said that every letter sent to him had to be studied by an expert to see if the sender was an enemy or not. Thus graphology took it’s first flight. However, the first book about graphology was created by a scientist, Alderius Prosper about 1619. Later, in 1622, a medicine professor named Camillo Baldi created a composition about handwriting analysis. It was called â€Å"How to Know the Habits and the Character of a Person From His Letters†. Later, in 1871, another scientist named Jean Hippolyte Michan officially called the study â€Å"graphology† and created the system and rules that now help graphologists in their work around the world. Before this time, there was not much progress that helped  graphology and handwriting analysis. In 1880 – 1883 there were three German psychi atrists, Dr. George Meyer, Dr. Wilhelm Preyer, and Dr. Ludwig Klages. They all examined graphology and pointed it to a psychological turn. Around 1897 – 1927, the Germans and the Americans were having a race to see which country could establish a theory about graphology first. It ended in 1908, when the Germans scientists created the German Graphological Society. Finally in 1927, Louise Rice created the American Graphology Society. Until the time Louise Rice came along, no one in America had known what graphology or handwriting analysis was. In 1952, Klara Roman experimented with muscle tension by making a machine that could measure the pressure of the hand as it drags a writing utensil around the paper. After creating the machine device, she used it to experiment on little children’s handwritings. Then in 1955, Klara Roman and George Staemphli invented a chart that is now called the Graphological Psychogram. It puts different variables in order for an experiment which then they plotted them on the chart. For example, they would add more sleep or bring in moody people. Later, a New Yorker with the name Daniel Anthony refined the psychogram to be more accurate. When people look closely at their own handwriting, they can see that all handwriting is different and that they have their own styles. However, what most people do not realize is that they are not all unique. Instead, each handwriting has adopted a different aspect of a style. Say, there is a face. Each piece, or feature, of the face can change, but it is still the same feature. The only other difference that feature shows to other feature is their appearance. Such as it is with handwriting, each â€Å"feature† may look different, however, it is still the same. It is inevitable and can never be changed. According to dailymail.co.uk, no matter what method, formula, or any idea used to teach calligraphy, it does not affect the pupil’s handwriting. There are many â€Å"features† to handwriting that makes a handwriting unique. Such as, the handwriting’s size, spacing, signatures, shape, and etcetera. The size of one’s handwriting can be varied at times, but there is always a specific size that your hand would write into. Some people naturally have large handwriting, which can be greater than seven millimeters. A medium sized script can tend to be four to six millimeters long while a small sized font can be less than three millimeters. Also, the  spacing of one’s calligraphy can be managed as well, however, many people have never cared enough to keep their spacing even. Spacing can be determined by how far their words are from each other. Sometimes, the spacing of the words can be as far as a finger widths apart or one to two millimeters apart. The spacing can affect many parts of your handwriting. Such as it is with the signatures. The signature can be extremely hard to write or one of the most simple tasks. Whichever way it is, there is only one simple difference between them: if it is legible or illegible. That is the only difference for the signatures of one’s writing. The shape of one’s manuscript is one of the biggest differences between handwritings. They could be circular shaped, jagged points, curled, or looped. The possibilities of the different aspects can be endless. These are the different styles of one’s personal handwritings. Just like handwriting, there are many different types of personalities. However, most personalities are made up of character traits that are joined together to create one identity. Personalities are how we act or react to our daily lives. It is what links our actions and our thoughts together in what we call an attitude. There are many different types of personalities that contrast each other, but on the contrary, some tend to be alike. There are generally placed into four groups. These groups can be summarized as four characters from the Hundred Acre Woods in the Disney cartoon â€Å"Winnie the Pooh.† The Tigger, the Rabbit, the Eeyore, and the Pooh bear. The Tiggers tend to be enthusiastic, nice, the happy-go-lucky open, and more approachable. Meanwhile there is the Eeyore personality. These Eeyore people tend to be sullen, and often in a corner ignoring everybody. They are not lonely or sad, but it is that they like being alone and that it is just their nature to be alone. Even though they are solitary, they are also observant. Eeyores take in their surroundings and let everything unravel as they sit and do nothing. The Rabbit people, however, are very mismatched from the Tiggers and the Eeyores. The Rabbit people are the born leaders and they take responsibility when their is no one to take charge. They are ambitious and persevere to complete a task. They can sometimes become very bossy at times and Lastly, there is the Pooh bears. They are the most caring and friendliest of the groups. Pooh bears tend to be a people pleaser  even if they have to suffer for it. However, they enjoy to be uncomfortable if everyone is comfortable too. They tend to be the very nice people and sometimes gullible. Now these are only groups that personalitees can fall into. Though, there can be a mix of two or more groups to create a different identity. Handwriting used to be seen as an innocent tool to communicate with a pen and paper. Now, scientists have uncovered that not only does handwriting tell you moods and values, it can tell about your personalities. There is a key or a system, created by Jean Hippolyte Michan that can tell about different attributes. Meaning, with each â€Å"feature† of handwriting, there is a personality trait that matches up with that feature. A large sized handwriting symbolizes an outgoing trait in that person. A wide space between the words mean that the person prefers being alone rather that being with other people. However, there is a variable that can change. When you have a mood change, you can write differently than usual. For example, if you are happy you write contrasting how your handwriting would look when you are sad. So it can change depending on your mood. It can grow bigger, tilt more to the left or right, or become more messy. Another aspect that can affect your calligraphy is y our self-esteem. Your self-esteem is what your perspective is of yourself and what kind of person you think you are. It can constantly change it can only do so if a person thinks of themselves as a higher or lower being. For instance, a person with a higher self-esteem would look different if that same person had a lower self-esteem. Mainly though, one’s handwriting would differ the most depending on if the writer is conscious of his or her piece or not. Consciously writing would mean that the writer is writing and paying attention as he/she drags the writing utensil across the paper. Unconsciously means that the person knows that he is writing, but does not pay attention to how it looks. Such is the case when it comes to handwriting analysis, the main difference between unconsciously writing and consciously writing is that when you do not pay attention to how you write, the font tends to be messier, bigger, and less accurate than how it would be if you were consciously writing. There is a great significance to handwriting to handwriting analysis.  Handwriting Analysis is an art that is occasionally practiced by the police and used to see a what kind of person someone by trying to uncover your personality. It can also tell what mood a person is whether your happy or sad. A happy person tends to have bigger handwriting. It can also determine what a person’s values are. They can see your morals or beliefs depending on what they are looking at. There are many styles of handwriting, and it is possible that it would lead to a personality trait that would describe you. This is the importance of handwriting analysis. Handwriting analysis took a slow and long journey to be able to be what it is now. From the year 54 AD to the twenty-first century, it had progressed into a flourishing study that is researched by young and old. The style of a handwriting is the heartbeat of the whole study. With many different attributes that constructs themselves into different fonts, they all look very different. Like handwriting styles, there are different character traits that makes up one gigantic personality. However, with each â€Å"feature† of a certain handwriting, there is always a personality trait that is matched up with that â€Å"feature.† As said before, one can know their personality, but many can not understand it, so how can one be able to understand his/her personality? As many struggle to become one with themselves they begin to have doubts growing in them and soon they are confused. However, there is conviction that a person can understand their personality. Works Cited Page Lowe, Sheila. â€Å"What Does Your Handwriting Say About You?† Primer Magazine. Andrew, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Sheikh, F.D. â€Å"What Lies in Your Handwriting.† Web log post. In the Name of the Human†¦ F.D. Sheikh, 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. Woollaston, Victoria. â€Å"What Does Your Handwriting Say about You?† Mail Online(2013): n. pag. Mail Online. 29 July 2013. Web. 14 Sept. 2013.